In order to understand the characteristics of burnt meat in cultured yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata, fish were kept at two different temperatures (13 and 30°C) and slaughtered by either spinal cord destruction (SCD) or suffocation in air (SA). Early postmortem changes during storage at 32°C were analyzed by rheological, biochemical, and histological methods. The burnt meat (with lightness parameter, L* Ն 55) was observed at 1-h storage in the SA 30°C group, at 2 h in SCD 30°C, and at 4 h in SA 13°C; meat was normal for the SCD 13°C group until 6 h of storage. Breaking strength scores were higher for the normal meat (200 g/cm 2 ) than burnt meat (70 g/cm 2 ) at 4 h of storage. Expressible water content was higher for the burnt meat than for the normal meat. Adenosine triphosphate concentrations for the SCD groups were higher than for the SA counterparts. Moreover, pH decrease was much faster in the 30°C groups, showing pH 5.6 at 2 h of storage. A negative correlation between the pH and lactic acid contents in muscle (P < 0.001) was found. Histological analysis evidenced a larger pericellular area (40%) in the burnt samples than in the normal samples (16%). It was confirmed that a higher fish-keeping water temperature and a stressful slaughter method (faster glycolytic process) were determinative factors that influence the occurrence of burnt muscle in yellowtail, and that the effect of the former is larger than the latter.KEY WORDS: burnt meat, early postmortem, expressible water, intercellular space, lactic acid, pH, slaughter method, yellowtail.

ReSUMeNel antifascismo en Costa Rica pasó de ser un movimiento contestatario marcado por el vanguardismo intelectual, a un movimiento cívico y nacionalista neutralizado por las alianzas políticas de los años cuarenta. Tal cambio fue posibilitado en parte por la cultura política de la izquierda; para esto se analiza el caso de Carmen Lyra y la era antifascista, pues la dimensión subjetiva, cultural y de género de su militancia comunista reforzaba el orden del mito liberal de la nación. el análisis integra elementos teóricos del feminismo y de los estudios de género y subjetividad, para obtener un retrato del papel y la vivencia de Lyra en el antifascismo, y apreciar las formas en que lo subjetivo se traspone en lo político. The Costa Rican antifascism was a conflict movement of intellectual vanguards that became a civic and nationalist movement under the control of the political alliances of the 40´s. Such change was partially possible because of the left political culture. Therefore in the article is analyzed the case of Carmen Lyra and the antifascism, whose personal, cultural and gender's dimensions of their communist militancy strengthened the order of the nation's liberal myth. These aspects are analyzed with theoretical elements of feminism and the studies from gender-subjectivities, to bring a perspective of the role of Lyra in the antifascism, and the way that the subjective and political matters mixed.

The research was carried out at the University of Costa Rica's phytopathology laboratory between October 1995 and March 1996. In an initial phase, some creole papaya fruits from Gu.cimo (Limón province) were used. In order to eliminate latent infections, they were washed and immersed in hot water (49° C for 20 minutes). The fruits were then randomly placed in groups of 20, which conformed each treatment. Finally, they were inoculated by spraying with 5.5 ml of a 10.000 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides spores per mililiter suspension; then they were placed in plastic boxes and stored in containers with a 30°C temperature and relative humidities of 70%, 80%, and 90%. Fruits were kept in the compartments for periods of 5, l0, 15, 20 and 25 hours. Temperature and relative humidity were monitored during the experiment through the incubator's sensors and with a portable hydrothermograph. Finally, the incidence and severity of anthracnose was evaluated. During the second phase, fruits of the Hawaiian sunrise variety were used, following the same procedures applied to the native fruits. In native fruits, 100% of those placed at 80% and 90% relative humidity were contaminated after being in the compartment for five hours. The incidence decreased in the group with 70% relative humidity. The damage level increased with increases in relative humidity, although some erratic behavior was observed. In the test with Hawaiian fruit, the disease incidence increased according with incubation time. Severity showed a similar behavour; however, there was also erratic behavour here.

The objective of this study was to determine the number of spores of fungi that cause diseases in the fruits of papaya and to measure the influence that petiole elimination could have on the population of disease propagating agents. The stems collected during the rainy season released a higher number (82%) of Colletotrichum sp. conidia than those collectedduring the dry season. In the stems collected during the rainy season a reduction was observed in the amount of conidia released (77%), between the first and the second week after collection. The stems collected during the dry and rainy season released a small amount of conidia after four weeks of collection. The higher numbers of Glomerella sp. ascospores captured during April to June. The capture of Colletotrichum sp. conidia with and without elimination of stems showed values that increased from April to June with a maximum between September and October. The numbers of disease propagating agents captured in the plots with and without stem elimination were similar for Glomerella sp. The elimination of stems caused a reduction in the number of spores captured in Colletotrichum sp., Helminthosporium sp. and Fusarium sp. fungi. Stem elimination caused no effect on Curvularia sp. and Alternaria sp. fungi. The rainy season was more favorable for the collection of spores of Helminthosporium sp., Curvularia sp. and Fusarium sp., compared to that from the dry season. For Alternaria sp. a higher number of spore was collected during the dry season.