This network analysis indicates that a range of interventions can significantly reduce myopia progression when compared with single vision spectacle lenses or placebo. In terms of refraction, atropine, pirenzepine, and progressive addition spectacle lenses were effective. In terms of axial length, atropine, orthokeratology, peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses, pirenzepine, and progressive addition spectacle lenses were effective. The most effective interventions were pharmacologic, that is, muscarinic antagonists such as atropine and pirenzepine. Certain specially designed contact lenses, including orthokeratology and peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses, had moderate effects, whereas specially designed spectacle lenses showed minimal effect.

Objectives: To examine the effects of different protocols of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on VO2max improvements in healthy, overweight/obese and athletic adults, based on the classifications of work intervals, session volumes and training periods. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science databases were searched up to April 2018. Inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials; healthy, overweight/obese or athletic adults; examined pre-and post-training VO2max/peak; HIIT in comparison to control or moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) groups.Results: Fifty-three studies met the eligibility criteria. Overall, the degree of change in VO2max induced by HIIT varied by populations (SMD = 0.41-1.81, p<0.05). When compared to control groups, even short-intervals (≤ 30s), low-volume (≤ 5 min) and short-term HIIT (≤ 4 weeks) elicited clear beneficial effects (SMD = 0.79-1.65, p<0.05) on VO2max/peak. However, long-interval (≥ 2 min), high-volume (≥ 15 min) and moderate to long-term (≥ 4-12 weeks) HIIT displayed significantly larger effects on VO2max (SMD = 0.50-2.48, p<0.05). When compared to MICT, only long-interval (≥ 2 min), high-volume (≥ 15 min) and moderate to long-term (≥ 4-12 weeks) HIIT showed beneficial effects (SMD = 0.65-1.07, p<0.05) Conclusions: Short-intervals (≤ 30 s), low-volume (≤ 5 min) and short-term (≤ 4 weeks) HIIT represent effective and time-efficient strategies for developing VO2max, especially for the general population. To maximize the training effects on VO2max, long-interval (≥ 2 min), high-volume (≥ 15 min) and moderate to long-term (≥ 4-12 weeks) HIIT are recommended.

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To compare the repeatability and reproducibility of central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements by high-resolution (HR) rotating Scheimpflug imaging and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). CCT measurements were compared to those determined by ultrasound pachymetry (UP). Methods:In 35 healthy eyes, intra-observer repeatability for HR Scheimpflug (Pentacam) and FD-OCT (RTVue) systems was determined in consecutive images taken by an observer in the shortest time possible. Imaging was repeated again by a second observer to evaluate inter-observer reproducibility. The CCT measurements were compared among Scheimpflug, FD-OCT and UP images.Results: Mean coefficients of repeatability were 0.48% for Scheimpflug and 0.26% for FD-OCT. For Scheimpflug, the coefficient of inter-operator reproducibility was 0.87%. For FD-OCT, the coefficient of inter-operator reproducibility was 0.45%. The CCT measurements by Scheimpflug, OCT and UP images were (mean ± standard deviation) 521.7 ± 27.6 lm, 510.8 ± 28.6 lm and 516.5 ± 27.6 lm, respectively. The differences between instruments were statistically significant. The 95% limits of agreement in CCT were )0.7 to 22.5 lm for Pentacam-OCT, )13.4 to 24.0 lm for Pentacam-UP and )26.7 to 15.4 lm for OCT-UP. There was a high degree of correlation between CCT measured by all 3 methods.Conclusion: Noncontact measurements of CCT with HR Scheimpflug and FD-OCT systems yielded excellent repeatability and reproducibility and can be used interchangeably. Although both devices were comparable with UP; in clinical practice, the measurements acquired by optical modalities are not directly interchangeable with UP measurements.