No abstract

Scholars have rightly questioned the periodization of early modern Hindi literature (fourteenth to mid-nineteenth century) into two major thematic and temporal categories, often described as binaries: an early bhaktikāl (era of devotion), and the later rītikāl (era of mannerism). It is now common to understand bhakti and rīti as complementary modes of poetic expression rather than oppositional styles that poets had to identify with entirely. This paper uses the perspective of poet-saints (sants) to argue that, although the sants share many features with the rīti poets in terms of genres and register, they diverge fundamentally from them on the topic of the proper motives of composing verse. The criticism that the sants register with selected rīti themes – conflicts which would later figure in the writings of Hindi literary historians in the nationalist era – can be seen as anticipating the modern bhakti versus rīti distinction.

Twin ectopic pregnancy is a rare entity. Ultrasonography is a potential investigation to diagnose this entity and in emergency settings like ruptureed ectopic pregnancy, it is the first investigation owing to its easy

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are the commonest form of contraceptive method in use globally. IUDs like other methods of contraception may be associated with its own complications. The major risk includes uterine perforation with embedment, migration, and/or expulsion. A 35 year old female who had a history of postpartum IUD insertion 10 years ago was referred to our institute with complains of severe lower abdominal pain and vomiting since 10 days. Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound (TAS/TVS) were done. Ultrasound led to the final diagnosis of ovarian embedment of the IUD. Laparotomy with IUD removal was successfully performed. This case report highlights one of the rare complications of IUD migrating to the left ovary in a patient presenting with lower abdominal pain. In a patient with history an IUD insertion in situ, lower abdominal pain and missing threads on examination should wary the gynaecologist to the possibility of total or partial transmigration of the device into the pelvis or abdomen.

Allison Busch's seminal work on the classical Hindi literature of Mughal India demonstrated how the composition of works of poetic theory (ritigranths) became a defining literary enterprise of vernacular court poets in the Mughal-Rajput milieu. Though firmly based in a Sanskrit worldview, Hindi intellectuals exhibited newness in their theorization of the art of poetic craft. Engaging with Busch's work on the ritigranth genre, this article demonstrates how the poet-scholars of Rajasthan who were experts in Brajbhasha and Marwari—or Hindi and Rajasthani, respectively, as they are largely understood today—theorized and created new knowledge systems to define their four-hundred-year-old Marwari literary culture. Keeping up with the theoreticians of Brajbhasha who blended Vaishnava bhakti (devotion) with poetic theory, the Rajasthani scholars placed their work in a multilingual literary culture that was increasingly expanding as India came under the knowledge regimes of colonialism.