Data Mining is a powerful technology to help organization to concentrate on most important data by extracting useful information from large database. One of the most commonly used techniques in data mining is Artificial Neural Network due to its high performance in many application domains. Despite many advantages of Artificial Neural Network, one of its main drawbacks is its inherent black box nature which is the main problem of using Artificial Neural Network in data mining. Therefore, this paper proposes a rule extraction algorithm from neural network using classified and misclassified data to convert the black box nature of Artificial Neural Network into a white box. The proposed algorithm is a modification of the existing algorithm, Rule Extraction by Reverse Engineering (RxREN). The proposed algorithm extracts rules from trained neural network for datasets with mixed mode attributes using pedagogical approach. The proposed algorithm uses both classified as well as misclassified data to find out the data ranges of significant attributes in respective classes, which is the innovation of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results clearly show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is superior to existing algorithms.

The ongoing research on object tracking in video sequences has attracted many researchers. Detecting the objects in the video and tracking its motion to identify its characteristics has been emerging as a demanding research area in the domain of image processing and computer vision. This paper proposes a literature review on the state of the art tracking methods, categorize them into different categories, and then identify useful tracking methods. Most of the methods include object segmentation using background subtraction. The tracking strategies use different methodologies like Mean-shift, Kalman filter, Particle filter etc. The performance of the tracking methods vary with respect to background information. In this survey, we have discussed the feature descriptors that are used in tracking to describe the appearance of objects which are being tracked as well as object detection techniques. In this survey, we have classified the tracking methods into three groups, and a providing a detailed description of representative methods in each group, and find out their positive and negative aspects.

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