The extent to which an individual feels self-motivated, content & satisfied with his/her job is job satisfaction. By enhancing job satisfaction among the employees, the organization can creates happier employees. It will eventually lower costs for hiring and training new personnel and also create more motivated and productive employees. This descriptive study was carried out to find out the various factors that influence job satisfaction of health employees of varying specializations working in a tertiary level Governmental Hospital of Nepal. The participants were asked to respond the questionnaires largely based upon the Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS) questionnaires developed by Paul E. Spector (1997) using 5-point likert scale. Convenience sampling method was employed in the study. Similarly, the study also relied on the publications of the various related agencies for its secondary sources in regard to data collection. Only 28.1% of the participants were found to be satisfied. The study proposes that hospital employees perceive supervision, recognition, pay& benefits, promotion, work environment and autonomy as significant factors affecting their job satisfaction. Also demographic variables like age, rank and education qualification has a significant relationship with job satisfaction while gender, marital status and work experience didn’t show any significant correlation with job satisfaction. The study provides an insight to the policy makers about the various factors that need to be considered for uplifting the job satisfaction level of the health professionals and hence uplifting the standard of the health care system of the Governmental Hospital.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the anatomical variation of the styloid process of Nepalese individuals by using multi-detector computed tomography scans. It was carried out to establish the baseline for the normal length of the styloid process and to compare the variability of styloid process measurement between different age group and gender. Materials and methods: This quantitative, cross-sectional was performed in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. Imaging data were collected over the period of January to April 2021 with the total number of 153 individuals. The age and gender of the individuals were noted. The measurement was done in the Multiplanar Reconstruction (MPR) coronal sections of Head and Neck, PNS and Cerebral Angiography. Various Styloid Process (SP) morphology parameters like RLSP, RGSP, LLSP, LGSP, Right Elongation Type, Right Calcification Type, Left Elongation Type, and Left Calcification Type was measured. Results: The measurement of the length of SP was found to be 3.06±0.72 cm (ranged 1.80-5.54 cm) in right SP while that of left SP was 3.08±0.72 cm (ranged 1.45-5.69 cm). The gap between the SP and the calcification pattern was found to be 0.51±0.30 cm (ranged 0.08-1.20 cm) in right SP while that of left SP was 0.63±0.43 cm (ranged 0.08- 1.97cm). Similarly, there was a statistical significant difference between the RLSP-RGSP and LLSP-LGSP. The length of styloid process was found to be higher among male than in female. But there was no statistical significant difference between male and female in the SP measurement. The series of elongation patterns were found to be normal SP, followed by elongated, distant elongated, pseudoarticulated, and segmented SP. The series of calcification patterns were found to be calcified SP, followed by nodular, partial, and outlined SP. Conclusion: In this study, the valuable information regarding anatomical length and variation of styloid process with respect to age and gender among the Nepalese individuals was found. 3D CT reconstruction is a gold standard investigation that helps in studying the relation of the SP with surrounding structures.

Introduction Normal orbital dimensions are important for diagnosing orbital pathologies. Computed tomography (CT) of the orbit is an important modality offering high accuracy for precise measurements of orbit. The study was disbursed to ascertain criteria for the normative values of the various orbital dimensions using computed tomography in patients visiting Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu. MethodsOrbital volume, ocular diameter, length of the interzygomatic line (IZL), the distance of the posterior extent of the globe from the interzygomatic line, globe position, diameters of extraocular muscles (medial, lateral, superior group, and inferior rectus) and lens density were measured in each eye of 172 patients undergoing CT examination of paranasal sinuses. The correlations with age and sex were also analyzed. ResultsMean values (mean±SD) of orbital volume, ocular diameter, IZL, globe position and lens density were 24.54±2.57 cm3, 2.44±0.22 cm, 94.3±6.2 mm, 12.3±2.4 mm and 141.43±16.62 HU respectively. Mean diameters of extraocular muscles were 3.67± 0.52 mm, 3.36± 0.50 mm, 3.74±0.42 mm and 3.87±0.38 mm for medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus and the superior group respectively. There was no significant age and gender difference in most of the measurements. There was significant positive correlation of age with lens density, orbital volume and ocular diameter (p<0.05). ConclusionNormative data of different orbital measurements were obtained. The present result may help radiologists and ophthalmologists to accurately assess various orbital parameters, particularly in Nepalese populations.

Introduction: Pancreatic pathologies present a challenge for the medical imaging professionals for detection, classification and staging. Multiphasic multidetector computed tomography provides detailed visualization and definition of deeper and smaller structures and enhancement pattern of tumors during different phases. The objective of this study was to optimize the scan delay time for contrast enhanced computed tomography of pancreas after the use of bolus tracking technique. Materials and methods: Triphasic MDCT of the pancreas was performed on 109 patients after administration of 300-350 mgI/mL contrast medium injected at 3.5 mL/s. Patients were prospectively randomized into three groups with different scanning delays for the three phases (arterial, pancreatic, and venous) after bolus tracking was triggered at 100 HU of aortic contrast enhancement. Mean attenuation values of the abdominal aorta, superior mesenteric artery, pancreatic parenchyma, splenic vein, portal vein, and hepatic parenchyma were measured. Increases in attenuation values after contrast administration were assessed. Results: Mean contrast enhancement in the aorta (change in attenuation, 313–320 HU) and the superior mesenteric artery (change in attenuation, 291–302 HU) approached peak enhancement 4-7 seconds after bolus tracking was triggered. Pancreatic parenchyma became most intensely enhanced (change in attenuation, 107–110 HU) 20-25 seconds after triggering, and then the enhancement gradually decreased. Enhancement of the splenic vein and portal vein peaked at 22 seconds. Liver parenchyma reached 71 HU, 25 seconds after triggering and reached a plateau (change in attenuation, 81-76 HU) at a further scanning delay of 45–50 seconds. Conclusion: Based on the protocol used in this study, the optimum scan delay were 4-7 seconds for arterial phase, 10-22 seconds for pancreatic parenchymal phase and 40-50 seconds for the hepatic parenchymal phase; after bolus tracking triggered at 100 HU in the abdominal aorta.

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