S eparation between content and presentation has always been one of the important design aspects of the Web. Historically, however, even though most Web sites were driven off structured databases, they published their content purely in HTML. Services such as Web search, price comparison, reservation engines, etc. that operated on this content had access only to HTML. Applications requiring access to the structured data underlying these Web pages had to build custom extractors to convert plain HTML into structured data. These efforts were often laborious and the scrapers were fragile and error prone, breaking every time a site changed its layout. Recent proliferation of devices with widely varying form factors has dramatically increased the number of different presentation formats that Web sites have to target. At the same time, a number of new personal assistant applications such as Google App and Microsoft's Cortana have started providing sites with new channels for reaching their users. Further, mature Web applications such as Web search are increasingly seeking to use the structured content, if any, to power richer and more interactive experiences. These developments have finally made it vital for both Web Schema.org

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Big data makes common schemas even more necessary.

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Executive summaryThe role that ontologies play or can play in designing and employing semantic technologies has been widely acknowledged by the Semantic Web and Linked Data communities. But the level of collaboration between these communities and the Applied Ontology community has been much less than expected. Also, ontologies and ontological techniques appear to be of marginalized use in Big Data and its applications.To understand this situation and foster greater collaboration, Ontology Summit 2014 brought together representatives from the Semantic Web, Linked Data, Big Data and Applied Ontology communities, to address three basic problems involving applied ontology and these communities:(1) The role of ontologies [in these communities], (2) Current uses of ontologies in these communities, and (3) Engineering of ontologies and semantic integration.The intent was to identify and understand: (a) causes and challenges (e.g. scalability) that hinder reuse of ontologies in Semantic Web and Linked Data, (b) solutions that can reduce the differences between ontologies on and off line, and (c) solutions to overcome engineering bottlenecks in current Semantic Web and Big Data applications.Over the past four months, presentations from, and discussions with, representatives of the Semantic Web, Linked Data, and Applied Ontology communities have taken place across four tracks. Each Track focused on different aspects of this year's Summit topic: (Track A) Investigation of sharable and reusable ontologies; (Track B) Tools, services and techniques for a comprehensive and effective use of ontologies; (Track C) Investigation of the engineering bottlenecks and the ways to prevent and overcome them; (Track D) Enquiry on the variety problem in Big Data.In addition to the four Tracks' activities there was a Hackathon. Six different Hackathon projects took place, all available at their individual project public repositories. An online Community Library and an online Ontology Repository have been created as freely accessible Community resources.This Ontology Summit 2014 Communique presents a summary of the results, original in its attempt both to merge different communities' discourses and to achieve consensus across the Summit participants with respect to open problems and recommendations to address them.