[1] Budyko's framework has been widely used to study basin-scale water and energy balances and one of the formulations of the Budyko curve is Fu's equation. The curve shape parameter $ in Fu's equation controls how much of the available water will be evaporated given the available energy. Previous studies have found that land surface characteristics significantly affect variations in the parameter $. In this study, we focus on the vegetation impact and examine the conditions under which vegetation plays a major role in controlling the variability of $. Using data from 26 major global river basins that are larger than 300,000 km 2 , the basin-specific $ parameter is found to be linearly correlated with the long-term averaged annual vegetation coverage. A simple parameterization for the $ parameter based solely on remotely sensed vegetation information is proposed, which improves predictions of annual actual evapotranspiration by reducing the root mean square error (RMSE) from 76 mm to 47 mm as compared to the default $ value used in the Budyko curve method. The controlling impact of vegetation on the basin-specific $ parameter is diminished in small catchments with areas less than 50,000 km 2 , which suggests a scale-dependence of the role of vegetation in affecting water and energy balances. In small catchments, other key ecohydrological processes need to be taken into account in order to fully capture the variability of the $ parameter in Fu's equation.

Interconnected porous MnO nanoflakes on nickel foam were prepared by a reduction of hydrothermal synthesized MnO 2 precursor in hydrogen. The architectures were applied to lithium ion batteries as electrodes. Compared with the as-synthesized MnO 2 anode, porous MnO nanoflakes showed superior cycling stability and rate performance. A high reversible capacity of 568.7 mA h g À1 was obtained at a current density of 246 mA g À1 for the second discharge. It retained a capacity of 708.4 mA h g À1 at the 200th charge-discharge cycle after cycling with various current densities up to 2460 mA g À1 and delivered a capacity of 376.4 mA h g À1 at a current density as high as 2460 mA g À1 , indicating that the architecture of the porous MnO nanoflakes grown on Ni foam is a promising electrode for lithium ion batteries.

Land use/land cover changes (LULCC) directly impact the surface temperature by modifying the radiative, physiological, and aerodynamic properties controlling the surface energy and water balances. In this study, we propose a new method to attribute changes in the surface temperature induced by LULCC to changes in radiative and turbulent heat fluxes, with the partition of turbulent fluxes controlled by aerodynamic and surface resistances. We demonstrate that previous attribution studies have overestimated the contribution of aerodynamic resistance by assuming independence between the aerodynamic resistance and the Bowen ratio. Our results further demonstrate that acceptable agreement between modeled and observed temperature anomalies does not guarantee correct attribution by the model. When performing an attribution analysis, the covariance among attributing variables needs to be taken into consideration in order to accurately interpret the results.

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The ultrasonic nebulization extraction (UNE) was developed and applied to extract anthraquinones (emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein) from Rheum palmatum L. Several parameters of UNE, including type of extraction solvent, concentration of extraction solvent, volume of extraction solvent, extraction time and ultrasonic power, were studied and the optimized parameters were selected. The operation conditions of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) were also studied. Under the selected conditions, contents of emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein obtained from different cultivated areas of R. palmatum L. were 1.08-2.04 mg/g, 0.65-1.16 mg/g and 0.70-2.90 mg/g, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein were 1.3-2.4%, 1.9-4.7% and 1.3-3.9%, respectively. Compared with maceration extraction (ME), reflux extraction (RE), stirring extraction (SE) and ultrasonic extraction (UE), the proposed method was more efficient, faster and easier to be operated and lower equipment costs and lower extraction temperature were required. The results indicated that UNE was a good alternative method for extracting anthraquinones from R. palmatum L. Compared with traditional extractions, the proposed extraction has a potential in on-line sampling, especially when the gas is used as the carrier of sample.