The development of rural economy and the overall progress of China's economy have a significant impact, so it is of great practical significance to analyze the current situation and influencing factors of rural economic development. From the analysis of data at this stage, rural economy is closely related to the changes of rural land and rural population. Therefore, on the basis of the relevant discussion on the rural economy, studying the related problems of the changes in rural land and population structure can more comprehensively find the specific problems in the rural economic development practice at the emerging stage. On the basis of the problems, emphasizing the formulation and implementation of countermeasures, the practical effect of rural economic development will be better. Based on the economic and social development, this paper analyzes the problems of rural land and population structure change, and discusses the coping strategies, aiming to provide guidance and help for practical work.