ABSTRACT. This study investigated the proficiency of CPAs in recognizing and evaluating ethical and unethical situations. In addition, CPAs provided attitudes on ethics education. Respondents were asked to evaluate the ethical acceptabilit T of CPA behavior as presented in six vignettes involving a variety of ethical dilemmas from questions of conflict of interest to questions of personal honor. The results tend to signify that CPAs can, to a degree, distinguish ethical and unethical behaviors. It appears that ethical behaviors and very specific unethical behaviors were more easily identified by practitioners. This may reveal uncertainty and apprehension as to exactly what constitutes unethical behavior since, in ma W circumstances, this resolution is made on a case-specific basis rather that ,~ia a universal rule. In addition, it is interesting to note that CPAs tend to picture themselves as more ethically-oriented than their peers.

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Since 1990 there has been a tremendous growth in the investment in international mutual funds. This growth is likely to continue as domestic stock market cools down and more U.S. investors seek higher returns as well as the diversification benefits of foreign assets. Investors are also attracted to international funds in the belief that such funds earn abnormally high returns because of the previous relative inefficiency in those markets. This study examines the annual risk-adjusted returns using Sharpes Index for ten portfolios of international mutual funds for the period September 2000 through September 2006. The international funds were analyzed by combining the funds into individual portfolios based on sector, geographics and company size. The benchmarks for comparison were the U.S. mutual fund performance reported by MorningStar. The risk-adjusted returns were then determined and compared to each other and to the U.S. market. During this period, nine out of ten of the international mutual fund portfolios outperformed the U.S. market. The portfolio that contained all International Mutual Funds (IMF) significantly outperformed on a risk-adjusted basis the fund that was made up of all of the U.S. stock mutual funds, (All U.S. Stock Funds- USSF). Additionally, the Foreign Small Value (FSV) portfolio, Foreign Small Growth (FSG) portfolio, Emerging Markets (EM) portfolio, Latin America (LA) portfolio, and the Pacific Asia without Japan (PA-J) portfolio all had average annual returns (not adjusted for risk) that exceeded USMFs returns by more than 10 percent.

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Primary sources of ethical concepts cited by Certified Management Accountants were personal experience 40%, religious training 30%, education or firm training 7%, and other 18%, with only 5% indicating the professional code of conduct. The strength of these influences can be seen in the results wherein subjects often violated company policy in dealing with ethical situations.