How these concepts served to legitimize the role of the commercial prese as the "protector of the public good. "From the moment of their initiation in the mid-lWs, penny newspapers took business success as their most fundamental goal. In this they differed radically from the party press which they displaced, for party editors had been forced by their patrons to place the tactics and strategy of political campaigning above enduring business stability and growth (see 35). Now, suddenly, the paramount question became, in the words of a contemporary journalist, "how to expend; how to expand; how to promote the interests of the journal" above and beyond any advocated cause (26, p. 403). At once both utilizing and prompting the emergence of ever more productive printing technologies-paper-making machines, types, presses-newspapers placed the expansion of circulation at the forefront of their day-to-day operations and interests. Advertisers gradually replaced party blocs as the newspapers' major patrons. Between 1830 and 1840 the number of newspapers published nationwide nearly doubled, while yearly circulation exploded from about 68 million copies to 196 million copies. While the population increased by 32 percent, newspaper circulation increased by 187 percent (25, p. 86).Circulation growth was attended and encouraged by the assimilation of many new classes of news. Every aspect of the newspaper was re-examined to "discover whether it might not be an uneconomic use of space-meaning, by uneconomic, inferior in its power to interest the reader" (17, p. 26). High society and the criminal underworld alike found themselves selectively observed by the roving eye of the press. To select, collect, write, refine, and collate this multiplying series of accounts, newspapers staffed themselves with an increasingly complex bureaucracy, comprised of reporters, copy editors, editors, and circulation and advertising sales personnel. The division of labor within the newsroom in turn nurtured an emergent profession of journalism whose members were intent on enhancing journalists' status and pay. Dan Schiller is Assistant Professor of Communications at the Temple University School of Communication and Theater. 46

Wonders whether, owing to severely restricted access, China’s government policy towards digital communications will remain in a constant state of flux – or will it gain economic benefits without a social penalty? Concludes that China has to link the forces of change to channel and deflect domestic resistance.

No abstract

Purpose-The aim of this article is to show that US public-service telecommunications, developing through a complex historical process, both engendered and depended on policies that compelled major changes in system development. Design/methodology/approach-The article contributes to the historiography of US telecommunications, and draws on archival sources and secondary scholarship. Findings-The article shows that public service policies for telecommunications gradually became dominant, as widespread opposition to AT&T's corporate power gained political traction beginning in the 1930s. Although substantially limited, public service policies came to encompass expansion of service, labor relations, and corporate patents. Originality/value-The article demonstrates that political conflict and crisis, not consensus, drove policy formation. It also shows that public service principles went far beyond the preferences of AT&T executives.

This chapter examines whether the metamorphosis of communications around internet commodity chains contributed to economic growth or led to a further episode of crisis. More specifically, it considers whether the U.S. information and communications industry, which invested more in information and communications technology (ICT) and software than any other sector including banking and manufacturing, signified that a basis was being laid for market expansion and economic growth. It also discusses whether investment in Web communications commodity chains siphoned revenue and profit mostly from old to new media, so that growth overall remained flat. Finally, it highlights shifts in the territorial profile of communications markets that reflected the ongoing and unfinished historical mutation into digital capitalism.