Artículo de publicación ISIThis paper presents an empirical analysis of the socioeconomic status (SES) school segregation in Chile, whose educational system is regarded as an extreme case of a market-oriented education. The study estimated the magnitude and evolution of the SES segregation of schools at both national and local levels, and it studied the relationship between some local educational market dynamics and the observed magnitude of SES school segregation at municipal level. The main findings were: first, the magnitude of the SES segregation of both low- SES and high-SES students in Chile was very high (Duncan Index ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 in 2008); second, during the last decade, SES school segregation tended to slightly increase in Chile, especially in high schools (both public and private schools); third, private schools – including voucher schools – were more segregated than public schools for both low-SES and high-SES students; and finally, some market dynamics operating in the Chilean education (like privatization, school choice, and fee-paying) accounted for a relevant proportion of the observed variation in SES school segregation at municipal level. These findings are analyzed from an educational policy perspective in which the link between SES school segregation and market-oriented mechanisms in education plays a fundamental role
El trabajo que se presenta a continuación busca comprender, desde una perspectiva cualitativa, las principales condicionantes de la permanencia de estudiantes vulnerables en el sistema universitario. Los resultados de esta investigación sugieren que los estudiantes de mayor vulnerabilidad social enfrentan numerosos obstáculos al momento de ingresar al sistema de educación superior: una educación secundaria deficitaria, la falta de recursos o el escaso capital social para integrarse exitosamente al sistema educativo, entre otros relevantes. Más allá de estos problemas, los estudiantes vulnerables que logran permanecer en el sistema universitario lo hacen porque cuentan con soportes familiares e institucionales que facilitan su progresión educativa. Asimismo, ellos cuentan con atributos personales como la orientación al logro y el autoconocimiento y son conscientes de su vulnerabilidad.
Este trabajo expone, desde una perspectiva cualitativa, los resultados de una investigación sobre las principales causas y condicionantes de los procesos de deserción universitaria en nuestro país. Estos resultados sugieren la existencia de dos tipos de deserción: permanente y temporal, cuyos patrones explicativos son distintos: la deserción temporal se explica principalmente por razones vocacionales, socioculturales y motivacionales; la permanente, por razones socioeconómicas. Los factores explicativos de cada tipo de deserción dan cuenta de las diferentes oportunidades y limitaciones que los estudiantes enfrentan hoy en el sistema educativo. Por ello, es fundamental que sean consideradas al momento de delinear políticas educativas para reducir los efectos negativos asociados a estos procesos.
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