Somali women were interviewed regarding their children's adjustment. Qualitative analysis revealed 5 themes: cultural comparisons, concerns about children, parents' loss of disciplinary authority, available support, and the future. The women discussed changes in their children, such as loss of respect and threats to use law enforcement against parents. They also discussed their loss of parental authority and the lack of support from u.S. institutions. implications for schools and mental health professionals are presented.

The Teacher Social Justice Advocacy Scale was developed to measure teachers' social justice advocacy orientation. Six hundred and seven K-12 teachers participated in the study. Results support a 22-item scale with three distinct factors: teacher advocacy orientation, social justice awareness, and student empowerment. Bivariate correlations demonstrated positive relationships between the TSJAS, a measure of general social advocacy, and political involvement, and a negative relationship with a measure of just world ideology. TSJAS scores also evidenced adequate internal consistency reliability.

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