Grid-connected battery energy storage systems with fast acting control are a key technology for improving power network stability and increasing the penetration of renewable generation. This paper describes two battery energy storage research facilities connected to the UK electricity grid. Their performance is detailed, along with hardware results, and a number of grid support services are demonstrated, again with results presented. The facility operated by The University of Manchester is rated at 236kVA, 180kWh, and connected to the 400V campus power network, The University of Sheffield operates a 2MVA, 1MWh facility connected to an 11kV distribution network.

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Abstract-This paper presents research from part of a larger project focusing on the potential development of commercial opportunities for the re-use of batteries on the electricity grid system, subsequent to their primary use in low and ultra-low carbon vehicles, and investigating the life cycle issues surrounding the batteries. The work has three main areas; Examination of fleet data in detail to investigate usage in 1 st life. Batteries that have passed through a battery recycler at the end of their first life have been tested within the laboratory to confirm the general assumption that remaining capacity of 80% after use in transportation is a reasonable assumption as a basis for 2 nd life applications. The second aspect of the paper is an investigation of the equivalent usage for three different second life applications based on connection to the electricity grid. Additionally the paper estimates the time to cell failure of the batteries within their second life application to estimate lifespan for use within commercial investigations.

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