In this study, cooperation between Stockholm's transport and district heating sectors is sectors by between 20 % and 65 %, depending on energy market conditions and assumed transport sector scenarios. If we consider biomass an unlimited resource, the potential for greenhouse gas emissions reduction is significant. However, considering that biomass is a limited resource, the increase of biomass use in the district heating system may lead to a decrease of biomass use in other energy systems. The potential for reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions is thus highly dependent on the alternative use of biomass. If this alternative is used for co-firing in coal condensing power plants, biomass use in combined heat and power plants would be more desirable than biofuel production through polygeneration. On the other hand, if this alternative is used for traditional biofuel production (without co-production of heat and electricity), the benefits of biofuel production through polygeneration from a greenhouse gas emissions perspective is superior. However, if carbon capture and storage technology is applied on the biofuel polygeneration plants, the introduction of large-scale biofuel production into the district heating system would result in a reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions independent of the assumed alternative use of biomass.
AbbreviationsDH, district heating; TS, transport sector; DHS, district heating system; GHG, greenhouse gas; FT, Fischer-Tropsch; DME, dimethyl ether; SSF, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation; CHP, combined heat and power; PHEV, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles; E10, 90 % gasoline mixed with 10 % ethanol; MODEST, Model for Optimisation of Dynamic Energy Systems with Time-dependent components 3 and boundary conditions; EMS, energy market scenario; CO 2 , carbon dioxide; gGHGes, global GHG emissions of the studied system; CCS, carbon capture and storage.
