No single definition of adherence to TE was apparent. We found no definition of adherence that specifically related to TE for MSK pain or described the dimensions of TE that should be measured. We recommend conceptualising adherence to TE for MSK pain from the perspective of all relevant stakeholders.

Objective: To determine whether the bilateral application of kinesiology tape (KT) to professional footballers' ankles can improve their lower limb proprioception.Design: A single blind randomised crossover study. Participants were randomly assigned to complete a proprioception test in either a taped or not taped condition first. Following a wash out period, participants were then re-tested in the alternate condition.Setting: A UK Championship League Football Club, mid-season.Participants: Twenty male professional football players over the age of 18, currently match fit with no injuries.Outcome measure: Proprioception was assessed by participants undertaking the moving target program on the balance module attached to a Kin-Com 125AP isokinetic dynamometer. A paired sample two tailed t test was used to assess whether there was a significant difference between the participants test scores in the not taped and taped conditions.Results: The bilateral application of KT to professional footballers' ankles did not bring about a significant change in participants' scores when tested with a fine movement and balance control test.Percentage accuracy score mean difference 4.2 (p=0.285).

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Background The concept of adherence to exercise for musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is poorly defined and inadequately measured. This study aimed to, (1) conceptualise adherence to exercise therapy for MSK pain, and (2) identify statements most representative of the new conceptualisation that could be developed into items for a new measurement tool. Methods Concept mapping methodology was used, which is an integrated mixed methods approach. Focus groups with stakeholders generated statements describing adherence to exercise for MSK pain. Statements were grouped according to themes and rated for importance. Data analysis via multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis produced a series of concept maps, which were refined during a further stakeholder workshop to produce the final conceptualisation of exercise adherence. Mean importance ratings established statements most suitable for future development. Results Twenty‐eight participants produced 100 unique statements concerning adherence, which were sorted and rated. Analysis of the sort data with further participant refinement concluded that adherence to exercise consists of six domains: communication with experts; targets; how exercise is prescribed; patient knowledge and understanding; motivation and support; and psychological approach and attitudes. Fifty‐six statements were rated with above average importance for inclusion in a new measure of adherence to exercise for MSK pain. Conclusion Adherence to exercise for MSK pain is a complex and multi‐dimensional construct represented by six distinct domains. Statements that best represent these domains have been identified by key stakeholders and will inform the development of a new measure of adherence to exercise for MSK pain.