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Sur la géométrie différentielle des G-structures Annales de l'institut Fourier, tome 10 (1960), p. 151-270 © Annales de l'institut Fourier, 1960, tous droits réservés. L'accès aux archives de la revue « Annales de l'institut Fourier » (http://annalif.ujf-grenoble.fr/) implique l'accord avec les conditions générales d'utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d'une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright. Article numérisé dans le cadre du programme Numérisation de documents anciens mathématiques http://www.numdam.org/ Ann. Inst. Fourier, Grenoble 10 (1960), 151-270. SUR LA GÉOMÉTRIE DIFFÉRENTIELLE DES 0-STRUCTURES par Daniel. BERNARD (Strasbourg).

A case study of a high school ice hockey program designed to teach players life skills and values was conducted to understand, from the perspective of administrators, coaches, parents, and players, the strengths and challenges of the program. Results indicated that the program’s strengths lied in its comprehensive approach to teaching life skills and values in addition to coaches’ ability to foster relationship with players. However, program members also faced many challenges related to traveling, a lack of resources, and conflicting goals. Results are discussed using the Petitpas et al. (2005) framework and the youth development through sport literature.

This paper documents the effects related to the introduction of body-checking in ice hockey for players of 12 and 13 years old (Pee-Wee Division). Four different studies were conducted on 49 teams of Pee-Wee hockey players: 28 teams played in a league allowing body-checking, and 21 teams played in a league banning body-checking. The topics studied were (1) the attitudes and beliefs of coaches, parents, and players about body-checking; (2) the morphological and biomechanical differences among Pee-Wee players; (3) the numbers and types of penalties within Pee-Wee leagues playing with and without body-checking; and (4) the injury rate within Pee-Wee leagues playing with and without body-checking. Among the most interesting results were the facts that, in that age category, some players were found to be twice as heavy and twice as strong as others. Larger players could exert an impact force 70% greater than those exerted by smaller players. Contrary to popular belief, playing without body-checking resulted in fewer “hostile aggression penalties.” Finally, the rate of fractures was twelve times greater for the league allowing body-checking. The results are discussed in the light of regulating actions taken in Quebec and the Canadian provinces toward body-checking in the Pee-Wee Division.

In brief: Two separate studies were done to determine the effects of body checking at the Pee Wee level. Study 1 evaluated eight of the smallest and eight of the largest players from leagues that allowed body checking. The players were measured for height, weight, grip strength, maximal skating speed, impact force during a body check, and speed of skating at impact. Significant morphologic differences (p <.05) between small and large players were reflected in forces of impact. Study 2 investigated the incidence and types of injuries sustained among players competing in leagues with body checking and without. In the checking leagues 55.5% of all injuries were due to body contacts, and serious injuries occurred six times more often than in nonchecking leagues. In addition, body checking accounted for 88% of the 25 fractures recorded during one hockey season.