Background Lymphatic vessels interconnect with blood vessels to form an elaborate system that aids in the control of tissue pressure and edema formation. Although the lymphatic system has been known to exist in a heart, little is known about the role the cardiac lymphatic system plays in the development of heart failure. Methods and Results Mice (C57 BL /6J, male, 8 to 12 weeks of age) were subjected to either myocardial ischemia or myocardial ischemia and reperfusion for up to 28 days. Analysis revealed that both models increased the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C and VEGF receptor 3 starting at 1 day after the onset of injury, whereas a significant increase in lymphatic vessel density was observed starting at 3 days. Further studies aimed to determine the consequences of inhibiting the endogenous lymphangiogenesis response on the development of heart failure. Using 2 different pharmacological approaches, we found that inhibiting VEGF receptor 3 with MAZ ‐51 and blocking endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor C with a neutralizing antibody blunted the increase in lymphatic vessel density, blunted lymphatic transport, increased inflammation, increased edema, and increased cardiac dysfunction. Subsequent studies revealed that augmentation of the endogenous lymphangiogenesis response with vascular endothelial growth factor C treatment reduced inflammation, reduced edema, and improved cardiac dysfunction. Conclusions These results suggest that the endogenous lymphangiogenesis response plays an adaptive role in the development of ischemic‐induced heart failure and supports the emerging concept that therapeutic lymphangiogenesis is a promising new approach for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

7 Background: Pure squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate is a rare entity. Data regarding clinical features, management, and treatment outcomes are limited. As such, management of this cancer has been variable throughout the reported literature, and with limited success. Methods: A systematic review of the literature and secondary data analysis was performed to characterize clinical features, management, and survival outcomes. Results: In total, 47 cases of histologically-confirmed pure squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate were included in analysis. Pure squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate is a disease of older males with mean age at diagnosis of 68.5 years (range 42-85). Urinary obstruction was reported as a presenting symptom in 60% of cases. PSA was usually normal with a mean value of 1.6 (n = 11). The disease was metastatic at diagnosis in 32% of patients among cases that stage was reported (n = 31). The most common sites ( > 30%) of distant metastases are bone and lymph nodes. Metastasis to lung, liver, and brain were 20%, 7%, and 7%, respectively. In terms of management, chemotherapy was given in 28% of cases, radiation in 30%, and prostatectomy in 25.5%. Hormone therapy was rarely attempted (4%). Metastatic disease was associated with a significant decrease in survival when compared to localized disease, p = 0.006. Surgical management was associated with significantly increased survival, p = 0.041. Overall 1-year survival was 32%, while 3-year survival was 9%. Conclusions: Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate has an aggressive clinical course and is associated with poor prognosis. There is urgent need for early detection and the development of novel treatment options.[Table: see text]

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Background: Tumor lysis syndrome is a potentially fatal complication of oncological therapy. Atezolizumab is a recently-approved agent for the treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma and, to the best of our knowledge, tumor lysis syndrome has never been reported after atezolizumab therapy for urothelial carcinoma.

View related articles View Crossmark data manifestation is thought to be related to dosing interval and the cumulative number of chemotherapy cycles [1,2]. Even though nail and skin toxicity are not life threatening, effective management to ameliorate the symptoms is a necessity to allow patients to continue their chemotherapy regimen. In some cases, patients may require dose adjustment, as was the case in a series of three patients with PATEO syndrome described by Rodriguez-Lomba et al. [3] Despite development of PATEO syndrome, our patient was able to continue her chemotherapy regimen with use of a potent topical corticosteroid and cooling her hands in ice baths during subsequent paclitaxel infusions, an approach similar to Scott e et al's [4,5] frozen glove therapy that was found to significantly reduce nail and skin toxicity associated with taxane-based chemotherapy. We present this case to heighten awareness of this unique manifestation of handfoot syndrome specific to taxane chemotherapy and share a successful approach towards management.