No abstract

In 1964, Epstein, Barr, and Achong published a report outlining their discovery of viral particles in lymphoblasts isolated from a patient with Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first human cancer virus to be described, and its discovery paved the way for further investigations into the oncogenic potential of viruses. In the decades following the discovery of EBV, multinational research efforts led to the discovery of further viral causes of various human cancers. Lymphomas are perhaps the cancer type that is most closely associated with oncogenic viruses: infection with EBV, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8, and hepatitis C virus have all been associated with lymphomagenesis. Lymphomas have also played an important role in the history of oncoviruses, as both the first human oncovirus (EBV) and the first human retrovirus (HTLV-1) were discovered through isolates taken from patients with unique lymphoma syndromes. The history of the discovery of these 2 key oncoviruses is presented here, and their impact on further medical research, using the specific example of HIV research, is briefly discussed.

Full cost‐effective exploitation of all wood components is key to growing a commercially successful biorefining industry. An innovative process is reported that combines fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass using a low‐cost ionic liquid (Ionosolv) and production of bio‐derived formic acid using polyoxometalates and molecular oxygen (OxFA process). We show that the hemicellulose and part of the lignin were selectively dissolved into the ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate and oxidised in situ to short‐chain, distillable carboxylic acids by a Keggin‐type polyoxometalate with high yields and selectivities. Characterization by several techniques, including ICP‐OES, FTIR, GC, HPLC and NMR spectroscopy confirmed stability of the catalyst over three consecutive POM‐Ionosolv recycles and stable formic acid yields.High formic acid yields of 26 % (pine chips), 23 % (beech chips), and 18 % (Miscanthus) were obtained with respect to the initial carbon content of the biomass, with unprecedented oxidation selectivities for formic acid of 54–62 % depending on vanadium substitution in the polyoxometalate, the processing temperature and the water content in the reaction mixture.. We also demonstrate that the cellulose rich pulp is a suitable source of glucose via enzymatic saccharification. We report cellulose yields of 37% for Miscanthus (from originally 48% glucan content), 33% for pine (from originally 49%) and 31% for beech (from originally 41%) were achieved, and a saccharification yield of up to 25% without optimisation. With further optimisation, this concept has the potential to generate two chemical products directly from lignocellulose in high yields and selectivities and hence a novel avenue for full utilisation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

The performance of an SOC depends on the testing environment. Regarding single cell tests with ideal contacting (gold and nickel meshes) and inert flow fields (Al2O3), the performance is limited by the intrinsic losses in the cell as contact losses and any poisoning effects are minimized. In an SOC-stack exhibiting metallic interconnectors, the performance is furthermore affected by contact resistances and limitations in gas supply. In this contribution single cell testing is extended to a stack-like contacting applying three different metallic interconnectors (Crofer 22 APU, ASTM 441 and UNS S44330) with and without a cerium-cobalt PVD-coating. Cell performance and losses are analyzed by IV-characteristics, impedance spectroscopy and DRT analysis. For all uncoated interconnectors, significant performance losses due to increased contact losses and air electrode polarization were observed. With the CeCo-coating losses could be drastically reduced leading to a cell performance close to the ideal case for all three steel grades.

Youth living in rural Uganda represent over 20% of the country's population. Despite the size of this demographic segment of the population, there is a paucity of data on their health priorities. Engaging people in understanding their own health status has proven to be an effective mechanism for health promotion. The objective of this study was to use Photovoice, a community-based, participatory action research methodology, to understand the current health priorities of youth living in rural Uganda. Thirty-two students between the ages of 13 and 17 were recruited from four schools within the region of Soroti, Uganda. Participants were given a disposable camera and were asked to photograph situations that contributed or detracted from their health status. The cameras were then returned to the investigators and each photo taken by the participant was reviewed with the investigators during a semi-structured interview. Codes were applied to the photographs and organized into overarching themes. Each participant chose one to two photos that were most representative of their health priorities for a secondary analysis. Participants provided 499 photos that met the eligibility criteria. The most common themes presented in the photographs were 'hygiene' ( n = 73, 12.4%), 'nutrition' ( n = 69, 11.7%), and 'cleanliness' ( n = 48, 8%). 'Hygiene' ( n = 6, 14.6%) and 'exercise' ( n = 6, 14.6%) were the most common priorities articulated in the representative photographs. Photovoice proved to be an effective method to assess and express the health concerns of youth in rural Uganda. Study participants were able to articulate their health concerns and priorities through photographs and reflect on opportunities for health promotion through subsequent interviews.