Universal dependencies (UD) is a framework for morphosyntactic annotation of human language, which to date has been used to create treebanks for more than 100 languages. In this article, we outline the linguistic theory of the UD framework, which draws on a long tradition of typologically oriented grammatical theories. Grammatical relations between words are centrally used to explain how predicate–argument structures are encoded morphosyntactically in different languages while morphological features and part-of-speech classes give the properties of words. We argue that this theory is a good basis for cross-linguistically consistent annotation of typologically diverse languages in a way that supports computational natural language understanding as well as broader linguistic studies.

Validation studies are becoming increasingly relevant when investigating complex flow problems in high-speed aerodynamics. These investigations require calibration of numerical models with accurate data from the physical wind tunnel being studied. This paper presents the characterisation process for a joint experimental-computational study to investigate the streamwise corners of a Mach 2.5 channel flow. As well as checks of flow quality typically performed for phenomenological investigations, additional quantitative tests are conducted. The extra care to obtain high quality data and eliminate any systematic errors reveal useful information about the wind tunnel flow. Further important physical insights are gained from designing and conducting wind tunnel tests in conjunction with numerical simulations. Crucially, the close experimental-computational collaboration enabled the identification of secondary flows in the sidewall boundary-layers; these strongly influence the flow in the corner regions, the target of the validation study.

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The 3D time accurate simulation of the MIT counter-rotating aspirated compressor is presented. The unsteady solver, TURBO, has been used with a phase-lag boundary condition to solve for the two counter-rotating rotors. An inlet boundary condition has been imposed to simulate the swirl and loss of the IGV. Cases with and without aspiration have been simulated. Comparison with data of the aspirated solution is good, especially near the tip picking up detailed features of the measured profile. On a 1D basis, the experimental efficiency is 87.9%, and the aspirated simulation is 89.4%. A comparison between the aspirated and non-aspirated simulations show the aspirated simulation is 2.2% higher in efficiency than the non-aspirated case. Flow details of the time-averaged solution in the second rotor show dramatic radial migration of high entropy fluid from the tip that gets ingested into the suction slot. This and other flow details shed light on the details of the counter-rotating aspirated design.