Mastery of the expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) requires anatomical knowledge and surgical skills; the learning curve for this technique is steep. To a great degree, these skills can be gained by cadaveric dissections; however, ethical, religious, and legal considerations may interfere with this paradigm in different regions of the world. We assessed an artificial cranial base model for the surgical simulation of EEA and compared its usefulness with that of cadaveric specimens. The model is made of both polyamide nylon and glass beads using a selective laser sintering (SLS) technique to reflect CT-DICOM data of the patient's head. It features several artificial cranial base structures such as the dura mater, venous sinuses, cavernous sinuses, internal carotid arteries, and cranial nerves. Under endoscopic view, the model was dissected through the nostrils using a high-speed drill and other endonasal surgical instruments. Anatomical structures around and inside the sphenoid sinus were accurately reconstructed in the model, and several important surgical landmarks, including the medial and lateral optico-carotid recesses and vidian canals, were observed. The bone was removed with a high-speed drill until it was eggshell thin and the dura mater was preserved, a technique very similar to that applied in patients during endonasal cranial base approaches. The model allowed simulation of almost all sagittal and coronal plane EEA modules. SLS modeling is a useful tool for acquiring the anatomical knowledge and surgical expertise for performing EEA while avoiding the ethical, religious, and infection-related problems inherent with use of cadaveric specimens.

OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma revisão e análise crítica sobre a utilização do óxido nítrico (NO) pela via inalatória em cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODO: metanálise de artigos publicados e inseridos no banco de dados MEDLINE da National Library of Medicine dos Estados Unidos da América. Foram enfatizados aspectos da biologia do NO, mecanismos de ação seletiva do NO pela via inalatória, aspectos técnicos e éticos, aplicações clínicas em cirurgia cardíaca, além de uma análise crítica procurando demonstrar a atual posição da utilização do NO pela via inalatória. RESULTADO: As principais evidências foram: a) O NO inalado é reconhecido, atualmente, como um valioso recurso farmacológico da medicina intensiva neonatal e pediátrica, e para a cirurgia cardiopulmonar; b) Outras aplicações em adultos, como a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e a síndrome da angústia respiratória do adulto, necessitam de cuidadosa observação; c) A terapêutica com o NO inalado é relativamente barata, mas não deve ser utilizada em todos os pacientes, com base nos paradigmas de sua eficiência e potencial toxicidade; d) As recentes descobertas de seus efeitos antiinflamatórios e extrapulmonares abrem novos horizontes para futuras aplicações. CONCLUSÃO: Embora seja evidente a extrema variabilidade da resposta vasodilatadora pulmonar seletiva do NO inalado, serviços que tratam pacientes portadores de distúrbios respiratórios, principalmente associados à hipertensão pulmonar, devem dispor do NO inalado como recurso terapêutico. Na ausência de ensaios envolvendo grande número de pacientes, e, apesar de seu potencial tóxico, o NO inalado deve ser utilizado com extremo rigor técnico, como uma prova terapêutica que pode salvar vidas.
PURPOSE: To present a literature review and critical analysis about the inhaled nitric oxide (NO) application in heart surgery. METHOD: metaanalysis of published papers indexed in the MEDLINE database of the United States National Library of Medicine. Points emphasized were: the NO biology, mechanism and selective site of the inhaled NO, technical and ethical aspects, clinical applications in heart surgery. Also, a critical analysis, attempt to demonstrate the current concepts about the inhaled NO therapeutical applications RESULT: The main evidences were: the) Inhaled NO is presently recognized as a valuable pharmacological tool in the milieu of the neonatal and pediatric intensive medicine and cardiothoracic surgery; b) Other adult applications, as obstructive lung disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome, need careful observations; c) The inhaled NO therapeutics is relatively inexpensive, but it is important to consider that it should not be used in all patients, based on paradigms of efficiency and potential toxicity; d) The recent discoveries of their anti-inflammatory effects and non pulmonary effects open new horizons for future applications. CONCLUSION: Although it is evident the extreme variability of the inhaled NO pulmonary vasodilatatory selective effect, medical centers that treat patients with cardiopulmonary ...

Bacterial endophytes constitute a very diverse community and they confer important benefits which help to improve agricultural yield. Some of these benefits remain underexplored or little understood, mainly due to the bottlenecks associated with the plant feature, a low number of endophytic bacterial cells in relation to the plant, and difficulties in accessing these bacteria using cultivation-independent methods. Enriching endophytic bacterial cells from plant tissues, based on a non-biased, cultivation-independent physical enrichment method, may help to circumvent those problems, especially in the case of sugarcane stems, which have a high degree of interfering factors, such as polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, nucleases, and fibers. In the present study, an enrichment approach for endophytic bacterial cells from sugarcane lower stems is described. The results demonstrate that the enriched bacterial cells are suitable for endophytic community characterization. A community analysis revealed the presence of previously well-described but also novel endophytic bacteria in sugarcane tissues which may exert functions such as plant growth promotion and biological control, with a predominance of the Proteobacterial phylum, but also Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, among others. In addition, by comparing the present and literature data, it was possible to list the most frequently detected bacterial endophyte genera in sugarcane tissues. The presented enrichment approach paves the way for improved future research toward the assessment of endophytic bacterial community in sugarcane and other biofuel crops.

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