The use of radioactive seed localization (RSL) as an alternative to wire localizations (WL) for nonpalpable breast lesions is rapidly gaining acceptance because of its advantages for both the patient and the surgical staff. This paper examines the initial experience with over 1,200 patients seen at a comprehensive cancer center. Radiation safety procedures for radiology, surgery, and pathology were implemented, and radioactive material inventory control was maintained using an intranet-based program. Surgical probes allowed for discrimination between 125I seed photon energies from 99mTc administered for sentinel node testing. A total of 1,127 patients (median age of 57.2 y) underwent RSL procedures with 1,223 seeds implanted. Implanted seed depth ranged from 10.3-107.8 mm. The median length of time from RSL implant to surgical excision was 2 d. The median 125I activity at time of implant was 3.1 MBq (1.9 to 4.6). The median dose rate from patients with a single seed was 9.5 µSv h-1 and 0.5 µSv h-1 at contact and 1 m, respectively. The maximum contact dose rate was 187 µSv h-1 from a superficially placed seed. RSL performed greater than 1 d before surgery is a viable alternative to WL, allowing flexibility in scheduling, minimizing day of surgery procedures, and improving workflow in breast imaging and surgery. RSL has been shown to be a safe and effective procedure for preoperative localization under mammographic and ultrasound guidance, which can be managed with the use of customized radiation protection controls.

Purpose Significant research works explore the broadly used and successful rewards-based crowdfunding (CF) platforms, including the key motives for both creators and funders. This paper aims to examine whether the motives identified by previous researchers for rewards-based CF also apply to peer-to-peer (P2P) CF. Design/methodology/approach This research includes a review of current laws, as well as a focus on participant motives to participate in P2P CF. It also looks at how these motives differ between P2P CF and rewards-based CF. The CF platforms were then analyzed by characteristic to identify the current qualities of P2P platforms. Findings This research shows that though there are some common underlying motives, the differences will demand a new participant approach and a P2P CF platform that are notably different from those that support rewards-based CF. Research limitations/implications This research is limited by the relative newness of both the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act and the P2P CF sites. Practical implications As more P2P CF platforms are created, additional research on the ability to manage investors, create effective project plans and identify keys to successful projects will further the understanding. Originality/value There is little research today, however, that connects the qualities of successful rewards-based CF to successful P2P CF platforms. In addition, regulations connected with P2P CF are not clearly defined and enforcement is not well understood.

Abstract. Many people have embraced social media (SM), including both personal and professional uses. Corporations hoping to capitalize on this indoctrination are seeking to understand ways they can engage in SM. One possible idea is disseminating financial results. This topic emerged as a result of the recent decision by the Securities and Exchange Commission granting permission. A problem for company leadership is the lack of understanding of the potential SM has to enhance shareholder value. Little research exists today on the impact of a corporate policy to use social web to announce dividend or earnings statements on shareholder value. This research studied SM platforms for financial communications on stock price. By calculating cumulative abnormal returns, researchers learned the impact of SM for financial disclosures. The sample size included thirty-four publicly traded American financial institutions. This research seeks to advance understanding of financial statement dissemination using SM.

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A B S T R A C TThe Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) has been in place for over a decade, and the effects of the legislation are widely -debated in the business community. The problem to be investigated is the impact of the Act on the disclosure of financial information and the strength of the internal controls a company has in place to determine whether SOX has affected publicly traded companies in the United States. SOX resulted in the creation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and provides for the establishment of audit reporting standards and the investigation, inspection, and enforcement of public accounting firms. The Act has decreased the number of discretionary accruals, addressed the backdating of stock options, addressed material reporting weaknesses, and increased the quality of internal controls. Several significant factors support the assertion that the benefits of SOX outweigh the compliance costs of its implementation.