The extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) was a large type of cattle that ranged over almost the whole Eurasian continent. The aurochs is the wild progenitor of modern cattle, but it is unclear whether European aurochs contributed to this process. To provide new insights into the demographic history of aurochs and domestic cattle, we have generated high-confidence mitochondrial DNA sequences from 59 archaeological skeletal finds, which were attributed to wild European cattle populations based on their chronological date and/or morphology. All pre-Neolithic aurochs belonged to the previously designated P haplogroup, indicating that this represents the Late Glacial Central European signature. We also report one new and highly divergent haplotype in a Neolithic aurochs sample from Germany, which points to greater variability during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the Neolithic and Bronze Age samples that were classified with confidence as European aurochs using morphological criteria all carry P haplotype mitochondrial DNA, suggesting continuity of Late Glacial and Early Holocene aurochs populations in Europe. Bayesian analysis indicates that recent population growth gives a significantly better fit to our data than a constant-sized population, an observation consistent with a postglacial expansion scenario, possibly from a single European refugial population. Previous work has shown that most ancient and modern European domestic cattle carry haplotypes previously designated T. This, in combination with our new finding of a T haplotype in a very Early Neolithic site in Syria, lends persuasive support to a scenario whereby gracile Near Eastern domestic populations, carrying predominantly T haplotypes, replaced P haplotype-carrying robust autochthonous aurochs populations in Europe, from the Early Neolithic onward. During the period of coexistence, it appears that domestic cattle were kept separate from wild aurochs and introgression was extremely rare.
This study presents the results of a major data integration project bringing together primary archaeozoological data for over 200,000 faunal specimens excavated from seventeen sites in Turkey spanning the Epipaleolithic through Chalcolithic periods, c. 18,000-4,000 cal BC, in order to document the initial westward spread of domestic livestock across Neolithic central and western Turkey. From these shared datasets we demonstrate that the westward expansion of Neolithic subsistence technologies combined multiple routes and pulses but did not involve a set ‘package’ comprising all four livestock species including sheep, goat, cattle and pig. Instead, Neolithic animal economies in the study regions are shown to be more diverse than deduced previously using quantitatively more limited datasets. Moreover, during the transition to agro-pastoral economies interactions between domestic stock and local wild fauna continued. Through publication of datasets with Open Context (opencontext.org), this project emphasizes the benefits of data sharing and web-based dissemination of large primary data sets for exploring major questions in archaeology (Alternative Language Abstract S1).
Que ce soient les arguments morphométriques ou. d'autres plus indirects, la domestication du mouton et fort probablement celle de la chèvre prend place durant, le PPNB ancien dans les piémonts sud du Taurus. Même si l'élevage se généralise dans le Levant Nord, au cours du PPNB moyen, les fréquences de chèvres et de moutons ne dépassent pas 30 % des restes osseux de cette période. Ainsi, l'introduction de ces petits ruminants dans l'économie de ces sites anciens parait moins « révolutionnaire » que l'expression « Révolution Néolithique » ne l'implique. Au cours du PPNB moyen, deux autres espèces acquièrent un statut domestique dans deux régions différentes : Bos dans le bassin du moyen Euphrate et Sus dans le sud-est de la Turquie. A la fin du. PPNB l'élevage du bétail formait une importante composante de l'économie de subsistance humaine dans tout le Levant nord. À l'exception d''Ovis qui semble avoir été introduit dans le Levant sud à partir du Nord, les modalités du processus de diffusion des animaux de ferme depuis leur(s) centre(s) de domestication vers les régions adjacentes, ont encore besoin d'être étudiées. Même si nous sommes assurés que les changements socioculturels du 11e et du 10e millénaire ВС calibré se complexifient et que les sociétés socialement stratifiées du Levant nord bâtissent l'arrière-plan culturel, dans lequel la domestication des caprines prend place, nous continuons encore à nous interroger sur les causes de l'introduction du bétail dans l'économie du Néolithique précéramique. En. nous fondant sur les évidences archéozoologiques et paléobotaniques, les changements climatiques de grande amplitude et/ou les détériorations du milieu nous paraissent maintenant improbables dans cette région. Ceci nous renforce dans l'idée que les facteurs socioculturels ont été à l'origine du changement d'exploitation des animaux.
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