S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase regulates novel endogenous S-nitrosothiol signaling pathways, and mice deficient in GSNO reductase are protected from airways hyperreactivity. S-nitrosothiols are present in the airway, and patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) tend to have low S-nitrosothiol levels that may be attributed to upregulation of GSNO reductase activity. The present study demonstrates that 1) GSNO reductase activity is increased in the cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial (CFBE41o(-)) cells expressing mutant F508del-cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) compared with the wild-type CFBE41o(-) cells, 2) GSNO reductase expression level is increased in the primary human bronchial epithelial cells expressing mutant F508del-CFTR compared with the wild-type cells, 3) GSNO reductase colocalizes with cochaperone Hsp70/Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop; Stip1) in human airway epithelial cells, 4) GSNO reductase knockdown with siRNA increases the expression and maturation of CFTR and decreases Stip1 expression in human airway epithelial cells, 5) increased levels of GSNO reductase cause a decrease in maturation of CFTR, and 6) a GSNO reductase inhibitor effectively reverses the effects of GSNO reductase on CFTR maturation. These studies provide a novel approach to define the subcellular location of the interactions between Stip1 and GSNO reductase and the role of S-nitrosothiols in these interactions.

Background: The α₄β₁ integrin (VLA-4) supports rolling and firm adhesion of leukocytes to inflamed tissues via ligation of VCAM-1 or fibronectin expressed on the activated endothelium. We tested the hypothesis that VLA-4 mediates leukocyte recruitment and neointimal growth after arterial injury in the atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mouse. Methods: ApoE (–/–) mice fed a Western diet underwent air desiccation injury, and the expression patterns of VLA-4 and VCAM-1 were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). To determine the effect of targeted VLA-4 blockade on leukocyte recruitment and neointimal growth, ApoE (–/–) mice received an intraperitoneal injection of a VLA-4 neutralizing monoclonal antibody (PS/2) at the time of injury alone or over a prolonged administration course. Additional mice received an isotype control antibody. Results: IHC demonstrated a marked increase in VLA-4 expression 7 days following injury. Prolonged administration of PS/2 resulted in a 72% reduction (p < 0.02) in neointimal growth 28 days following injury. IHC revealed a marked 95% reduction in neutrophil recruitment at 7 days and a 48% reduction in macrophage recruitment 28 days following injury with prolonged PS/2 administration. Conclusions: Prolonged VLA-4 blockade reduces leukocyte recruitment and neointimal growth following air desiccation injury in ApoE (–/–) mice. These findings demonstrate an important role for VLA-4 in the response to arterial injury.

Objective-Mice deficient in apolipoprotein-E (apoE Ϫ/Ϫ ) experience severe hypercholesterolemia that is exacerbated by a high-fat Western-type diet and atherosclerotic lesions spontaneously develop. In addition, we have reported that deficiency of P-selectin dramatically protects against neointimal lesion formation after arterial injury in apoE Ϫ/Ϫ mice. To define the mechanism, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) after lethal irradiation was used to generate apoE Ϫ/Ϫ chimeric mice deficient in platelet, but not endothelial, P-selectin. Methods and Results-Mice underwent vascular injury and were euthanized 4 weeks later. Absence of platelet P-selectin (pPS) expression in apoE Ϫ/Ϫ mice after BMT was confirmed by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. Lack of pPS in apoE Ϫ/Ϫ mice resulted in a 62% reduction in neointimal area (45 000Ϯ27 000 versus 17 000Ϯ13 000 m 2 , PϽ0.000001) and a 30% reduction (PϽ0.02) in macrophage infiltration, compared with control apoE Ϫ/Ϫ BMT. Absence of pPS was also associated with a reduction in plaque neovascularization as compared with pPS-competent controls (0/8 versus 3/8, PϽ0.05). Conclusions-Lack

S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) are endogenous signaling molecules with a broad spectrum of beneficial airway effects. SNOs are normally present in the airway, but levels tend to be low in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We and others have demonstrated that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) increases the expression, maturation, and function of wild-type and mutant F508del cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in human bronchial airway epithelial (HBAE) cells. We hypothesized that membrane permeable SNOs, such as S-nitrosoglutathione diethyl ester (GNODE) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl cysteine (SNOAC) may be more efficient in increasing the maturation of CFTR. HBAE cells expressing F508del CFTR were exposed to GNODE and SNOAC. The effects of these SNOs on the expression and maturation of F508del CFTR were determined by cell surface biotinylation and Western blot analysis. We also found for the first time that GNODE and SNOAC were effective at increasing CFTR maturation at the cell surface. Furthermore, we found that cells maintained at low temperature increased cell surface stability of F508del CFTR whereas the combination of low temperature and SNO treatment significantly extended the half-life of CFTR. Finally, we showed that SNO decreased the internalization rate of F508del CFTR in HBAE cells. We anticipate identifying the novel mechanisms, optimal SNOs, and lowest effective doses which could benefit cystic fibrosis patients.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disease associated with mutations in the gene that encodes the CF transmembrane conductance regulatory (CFTR) protein. The majority of wild-type CFTR and virtually all mutant ΔF508 CFTR are degraded before reaching the cell surface. Certain agents and conditions that increase expression and maturation of CFTR enable the protein to function at the cell surface. We and several research groups have reported that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a class of endogenous S-nitrosothiols, increases the maturation and function of CFTR in human airway epithelial cells. S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) are endogenous molecules with several cell signaling effects and potential relevance to human lung disease. SNOs are normally present in the human airway and have beneficial effects on lung function. Biochemical evidence suggests that SNOs act on post-translational protein modifications through mechanisms involving S-nitrosylation reactions. S-nitrosylation reactions are increasingly recognized to represent metabolically regulated cell signaling processes. Airway epithelial S-nitrosylation signaling disorders have been observed in a range of diseases, including CF. SNO levels are low in CF patients and normal physiological concentrations are effective in increasing CFTR maturation. The mechanisms by which SNOs improve CFTR expression appear to be novel. However, the precise mechanisms by which SNOs exert their beneficial effects are poorly understood. In the near future, we expect to identify the novel mechanisms by which SNO augments CFTR maturation. This information will be critical for optimizing the design and dosing of SNOs that might be used as CFTR corrector therapies in clinical trials.