'Further examination of the factor structure of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF) : measurement considerations for women, men of color, and gay men.', Journal of counseling psychology., 64 (6).pp. 724-738. Further information on publisher's website:https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000225Publisher's copyright statement:c 2017 APA, all rights reserved. This article may not exactly replicate the nal version published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record.Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. given the insufficient model-based reliability of their raw subscale scores. When comparing men to women, White men to Black and Asian men, and gay men to heterosexual men, the MRNI-SF demonstrated configural invariance and at least partial metric invariance (i.e., measured similar constructs). However, scalar and residuals invariance were only supported for Asian men compared to White men. Taken together, these findings suggest that a general TMI factor of the MRNI-SF is best represented by a bifactor model, even in individuals that do not fit the White heterosexual male TMI reference group, but the instrument may be tapping somewhat different constructs in women, Black men, and gay men. Public Significance Statement:The Male Role Norms Inventory Short-Form is a popular and widely used measure of traditional masculinity ideology (TMI). Recent research suggests it is best measured through a structural equation modeling approach, but this may not be practical for most psychologists, particularly clinicians. The present findings provide important guidelines for the use and interpretation of the instrument's raw scores, as well as considerations for measuring TMI in women, men of color, and gay men.

Measures of traditional masculinity ideology (TMI) provide important information related to men's well-being. However, most TMI measures are too long to be included in large public health, psychological, or medical survey batteries. Drawing on previous bifactor analyses of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF), structural equation modeling (SEM) identified five items with variance primarily explained by a TMI general factor. These items formed the Male Role Norms Inventory-Very Brief (MRNI-VB), a unidimensional measure of the same TMI general factor captured by the MRNI-SF bifactor model. Several analyses were completed determining that the MRNI-VB performed as well as the original MRNI-SF. First, the unidimensional MRNI-VB evidenced equivalent fit to the bifactor MRNI-SF model in an archival sample of college and community men and women (n ϭ 6,744). Second, the MRNI-VB yielded statistically similar standardized beta coefficients to the MRNI-SF TMI general factor across 32 out of 38 regressions predicting variables within and outside of the MRNI nomological network in published (n ϭ 484) and unpublished (n ϭ 1,537) MRNI-SF research of college and community men. Third, in an unpublished sample of undergraduates who filled out the MRNI-VB instead of the entire MRNI-SF (n ϭ 365), the MRNI-VB yielded good model fit, good internal consistency reliability, and demonstrated a similar pattern of measurement invariance between men and women as the MRNI-SF. Overall, findings suggest that the MRNI-VB captures the same general TMI factor as the MRNI-SF but with a fraction of the items. Future directions, limitations, and implications are discussed.

For several decades, investigators have attempted to identify factors that explain why some men perpetrate sexual assault in college. However, despite a strong emphasis on men as the perpetrators of sexual assault, current reviews have yet to analyze different masculinities in relation to sexual assault offending. In the present narrative review, we critically examined college sexual assault research published between 1950 and 2015 and identified 3 distinct approaches to examining masculinities: sex comparisons, men’s attitudes toward women and violence, and constructs informed by the normative and gender role strain paradigms of the psychology of men. Findings revealed that (a) studies of sexual assault perpetration focusing on men and masculinities are relatively rare in the extant literature; (b) sex differences in perpetration rates are complex; (c) men’s attitudes toward women and violence are strong predictors of sexual assault perpetration, and also the most common approach to studying masculinities in relation to sexual assault offending, but they may be limited in their definition; and (d) research examining men’s sexual assault perpetration using constructs central to the psychology of men is generally underdeveloped and underrepresented. Future directions for research are discussed, including a need for more investigations focusing on ethnic and sexual orientation diversity, broader definitions of masculinity, and more inquiry using normative and gender role strain constructs.

The present study tested sex as a moderator of the connections between men's and women's masculine gender role strain (i.e., masculine gender role conflict and masculine gender role stress) and attitudes toward psychological, physical, and sexual male-perpetrated dating violence. Self-report measures were administered online to a large sample of male (n ϭ 398) and female (n ϭ 390) college students, and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures for testing moderation through measurement and structural invariance. In the measurement model for both men and women, masculine gender role stress was associated with acceptance of each form of dating violence acceptance, but only the restricted emotionality and restrictive same-sex affectionate behavior domains of masculine gender role conflict evidenced significant relationships with dating violence acceptance. In the structural model, where dating violence attitudes were regressed onto gender role strain constructs simultaneously, only masculine gender role stress emerged as a significant predictor of acceptance of each form of dating violence in the male sample and acceptance of physical and sexual violence in the female sample. Additionally, the direct associations between masculine gender role strain and dating violence acceptance attitudes were statistically invariant across men and women, although certain regression coefficients were statistically significant for men but not for women. The present findings support a small but growing body of literature examining women's masculine gender role strain and highlight the importance of studying the combined contributions of different forms of gender role strain with respect to dating violence attitudes.

Researchers using the positive psychology positive masculinity paradigm have advanced several aspects of masculinity that, in theory, represent socialized beliefs linked to healthy personal and relational outcomes in men. However, investigators have yet to explicitly test whether positive masculinity constructs capture broader societal messages dictating positive masculine thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (i.e., male role norms). The present exploratory study created an online survey informed by literature and informal focus groups/interviews to explore how 79 potential positive masculinity attributes were perceived as both positive and socially expected of men. Using Internet and community samples of men and women (N = 1,077), descriptive statistics and paired-sample t tests identified which attributes were rated as positive and statistically expected of men more than they were expected of women. Of the 79 items, all but 3 were strongly rated as positive, 32 were expected more of men, 36 were expected more of women, and 11 were gender neutral. Many definitions of positive masculinity in the extant literature correctly represented thoughts, feelings, and behaviors viewed as positive and socially expected of men, particularly male provider and protector roles. However, some attributes identified as both positive and masculine in the present study may represent moderate expressions of traditional masculinities. Findings were also consistent with gender role stereotypes feminizing relational variables, suggesting that some interpersonal characteristics labeled as positive masculinity in previous research may not represent gendered expectations of men in the broader culture. Implications for the future measurement of positive masculine role norms are discussed.