§1. Afrodite, originalmente um epíteto do PIE *<em>h₂éu̯sōs</em>, incorporou inúmeros aspectos da deusa da aurora. À maneira da Uṣas védica, é a “filha do céu”, relacionada à calmaria do mar (γαλήνη) e à salvadora dos marinheiros, função exercida pelos pretendentes de Uṣas na mitologia védica. Seu nome pode derivar de *<em>abʰro-dih<em>₂</em>-to-</em> “brilhando a partir da névoa, ou espuma”. § 2.1 Os epítetos de Afrodite derivados de nome de cor, ou que o incluem (χρυσής, χρυσοστέφανος, etc.), talvez se refiram ao caráter original da deusa como personificação da aurora. § 2.2 Sua relação com carruagens, como se vê, p. ex., em χρυσάνιος, talvez derive da associação da deusa com a carruagem do sol, o que poderia também ser o caso de χρυσόθρονος. § 2.3 O uso de λευκός em conexão com Afrodite pode ser comparado com o véd. <em>rocamāna-</em>, que se diz de Uṣas. § 2.4 Seu epíteto Ἀργυννίς corresponde ao véd. <em>arjunī-</em>. § 2.5 Afrodite ῥοδέη e ῥοδόχρους corresponde a Eos ῥοδοδάκτυλος. § 3. A figura védica das “vacas da aurora” pode ser comparada com a das vacas de Hélio em Trinácia. Os epítetos épicos ἕλιξ e ἑλικοβλέφαρος talvez se refiram ao movimento celeste. § 4. A Afrodite Ὀρθροῦ da inscrição pode ser a aurora ou a estrela da manhã, como filha da alvorada, e pode equiparar-se ao Ὀρθρία do frg. 1 de Álcman e a um enigma de Teógnis (vv. 861-4). O Ἐρίβοια atestado junto a Afrodite Ὀρθροῦ pode ser entendido como “rica em vacas da aurora”.
The IE languages developed different strategies for the encoding of the passive function. In some language branches, the middle voice extended to the passive function to varying extents. In addition, dedicated derivational formations arose in a number of languages, such as the Greek -ē-/-thē- aorist and the Indo-Aryan -ya-presents. Periphrastic formations involving a verbal adjective or a participle are also widely attested, and played an important role in the building of the passive paradigm in e.g. Romance and Germanic languages. As the periphrastic passive is also attested in Hittite alongside passive use of the middle, both strategies seem to be equally ancient. Some minor strategies include lexical passives and the extensive lability of verbs. A survey of possible strategies provides evidence for the rise of a disparate number of morphemes and constructions, and for their ongoing incorporation into the inflectional paradigms (paradigmaticization) of given languages, thus adding to our knowledge about cross-linguistic sources of passive morphology and grammaticalization processes involved.
Despite phonological and morphological uncertainties, Arm. hołm ‘wind’ has been explained as a cognate of Gk. ἄνεμος ‘id.’ This paper argues that hołm may be understood as a “transferred epithet” meaning ‘shaking’ that is formally identical to Gk. πόλεμος ‘warʼ.
In the Classical Armenian version of Mark 9:37, a form corresponding to the Greek numeral hén‘one’ seems to be missing. It is proposed that the reading or miangam‘whoever’ is to be understood as covering an original reading or mi angam‘whoever even one’.
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