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Concrete is the most-used material in the construction industry, and the second most-used after water. Cement is the main component of concrete. A total of 8% of global CO2 emissions correspond to the cement industry; CO2 is the main greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. To mitigate climate change, it is necessary to design buildings with a lower environmental impact, and therefore, it is crucial to assess the environmental profile of the local production of construction materials. This study uses the life cycle assessment methodological framework to evaluate the environmental sustainability of the cement and concrete industry in Ecuador. The inventory accounts for 62.8% of national cement production, with data corresponding to 2019. The OpenLCA software was used to perform the life cycle inventory and impact assessment calculations. Eight impact categories were assessed, including Global Warming Potential (GWP). Clinker has a GWP result of 897.04 kg CO2-Eq/ton. Hydraulic cement types MH, GU, and HE have GWPs ranging from 465.89 to 696.81 kg CO2-Eq/ton. Results of ready-mixed concrete range from 126.02 to 442.14 kg CO2-Eq/m3. Reducing the content of clinker in cement and concrete should be the aim so as to improve their environmental profiles. This study contributes to the development of regional life cycle inventory data for Latin America. This research is the first to be developed regarding construction materials in Ecuador and contributes to the sustainable design of structures with pozzolan-lime cement and concrete.

Global warming is the greatest environmental challenge that humanity is phasing. Water availability and biodiversity are also important issues of concern. Efforts towards achieving a sustainable path are required in all major sectors. The construction and infrastructure sector is an important contributor to global resource depletion and environmental impact. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a frequently used tool to assess the potential environmental impact of a product or service throughout its life cycle. The life cycle of a product involves the extraction of raw materials, processing, production, use, and end-of-life. The environmental performance is quantified according to several impact categories such as: global warming, abiotic depletion, acidification, eutrophication, ozone layer depletion, photochemical oxidation, among others. LCA has been applied with success in the construction and infrastructure sector, in particular for buildings of all types. Literature in LCA of buildings use a variety of methodological approaches. The objective of this literature review is to identify and compare the different methodological approaches used in LCA of residential buildings, with a particular focus on functional unit, system boundaries, environmental impact categories, and data quality. The review indicates that there are different approaches used depending on the objective of each particular study.

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