A number of colleagues made this work possible. The authors greatly appreciate the assistance of Brent Griffith and the NREL EnergyPlus analysis and modeling team. Their simulation development and support allowed us to evaluate a variety of energy efficiency technologies. We would also like to thank NREL's High Performance Computing Center's Wesley Jones and Jim Albin for their support in providing dedicated Linux cluster nodes for the simulations needed for the analysis. Finally, we extend our thanks to those who helped edit and review the document: Stefanie Woodward, Michael Deru, and Ian Doebber (all of NREL). iv Executive SummaryThis report documents technical analysis aimed at providing design guidance that achieves wholebuilding energy savings of at least 50% over ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 in medium-sized retail buildings. It represents an initial step towards determining how to provide design guidance for energy savings targets larger than 30%, and was developed by the Commercial Buildings Section at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), under the direction of the DOE Building Technologies Program.This report:• Documents the modeling and integrated analysis methods used to identify cost-effective sets of recommendations for different locations and business activities.• Demonstrates sets of recommendations that meet, or exceed, the 50% goal. There are forty eight sets of recommendations, one for each combination of sixteen climate zones and three levels of unregulated plug loads.This technical support document (TSD), along with a sister document for grocery stores (Hale et al. 2008), also evaluates the possibility of compiling a 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG) in the tradition of the 30% AEDGs available through the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and AirConditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and developed by an inter-organizational committee structure. In particular, we comment on how design guidance should be developed and presented in the next round of 50% TSDs for deployment as AEDGs. MethodologyBecause it is important to account for energy interactions between building subsystems, NREL used EnergyPlus to model the predicted energy performance of baseline buildings and low-energy buildings to verify that the goal of 50% energy savings can be met. EnergyPlus was selected because it computes building energy use based on the interaction of the climate, building form and fabric, internal gains, HVAC systems, and renewable energy systems. Percent energy savings are based on a minimally codecompliant building as described in Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1-2004, and whole-building, net site energy use intensity (EUI): the amount of energy a building uses for both regulated and unregulated loads, minus any renewable energy generated within its footprint, normalized by building area.The following steps were used to determine 50% savings:• Define architectural-program characteristics (design aspects not addressed by ASHRAE 90.1-2004) for typical retail stores, thereby defining prototype models....
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A number of colleagues made this work possible. The authors greatly appreciate the assistance of Brent Griffith and the NREL EnergyPlus analysis and modeling team. Their simulation development and support allowed us to evaluate a number of energy efficiency technologies. We would also like to thank NREL's High Performance Computing Center's Wesley Jones and Jim Albin for their support in providing dedicated Linux cluster nodes for the large number of simulations needed for the analysis. Finally, we extend our thanks to those who helped edit and review the document: Stefanie Woodward, Michael Deru, and Ian Doebber (all of NREL). iv Executive SummaryThis report documents technical analysis aimed at providing design guidance that achieves wholebuilding energy savings of at least 50% over ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 in grocery stores. It represents an initial step toward determining how to provide design guidance for energy savings targets larger than 30%, and was developed by the Commercial Buildings Section at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), under the direction of the DOE Building Technologies Program.This report:• Documents the modeling and integrated analysis methods used to identify cost-effective sets of recommendations for different locations. • Demonstrates sets of recommendations that meet, or exceed, the 50% goal. There are sixteen sets of recommendations, one for each climate zone location.This technical support document (TSD), along with a sister document for medium box retail stores (Hale, Macumber et al. 2008), also evaluates the possibility of compiling a 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG) in the tradition of the 30% AEDGs available through the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and developed by an interorganizational committee structure. In particular, we comment on how design guidance should be developed and presented in the next round of 50% TSDs for deployment as AEDGs. MethodologyBecause it is important to account for energy interactions between building subsystems, NREL used EnergyPlus to model the predicted energy performance of baseline buildings and low-energy buildings to verify that the goal of 50% energy savings can be met. EnergyPlus was selected because it computes building energy use based on the interaction of the climate, building form and fabric, internal gains, HVAC systems, and renewable energy systems. Percent energy savings are based on a minimally codecompliant building as described in Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1-2004, and whole-building, net site energy use intensity (EUI): the amount of energy a building uses for regulated and unregulated loads, minus any renewable energy generated within its footprint, normalized by building area.The following steps were used to determine 50% savings:• Define architectural-program characteristics (design features not addressed by ASHRAE 90.1-2004) for typical grocery stores, thereby defining a prototype model. • Create baseline energy models for each climate zone that are elabor...
Advanced energy algorithms running at big-data scale will be necessary to identify, realize, and verify energy savings to meet government and utility goals of building energy efficiency. Any algorithm must be well characterized and validated before it is trusted to run at these scales. Smart meter data from real buildings will ultimately be required for the development, testing, and validation of these energy algorithms and processes. However, for initial development and testing, smart meter data are difficult to work with due to privacy restrictions, noise from unknown sources, data accessibility, and other concerns which can complicate algorithm development and validation. This study describes a new methodology to generate synthetic smart meter data of electricity use in buildings using detailed building energy modeling, which aims to capture the variability and stochastics of real energy use in buildings. The methodology can create datasets tailored to represent specific scenarios with known truth and controllable amounts of synthetic noise. Knowledge of ground truth also allows the development and validation of enhanced processes which leverage building metadata, such as building type or size (floor area), in addition to smart meter data. The methodology described in this paper includes the key influencing factors of real-world building energy use including weather data, occupant-driven loads, building operation and maintenance practices, and special events. Data formats to support workflows leveraging both synthetic meter data and associated metadata are proposed and discussed. Finally, example use cases of the synthetic meter data are described to illustrate potential applications.
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