NaTure BIomedIcal eNgINeerINgto transduce the bio-affinity interactions in standard ionic solutions 41,42 , this approach enables the demonstration of sensitive, selective and continuous monitoring of a wide range of trace-level biomarkers in biofluids including all nine essential AAs as well as vitamins, metabolites and lipids commonly found in human sweat (Supplementary Table 1). Seamless integration of this unique In situ regeneration COVID-19 Central fatigue T2DM Cardiac hypertrophy Hepatic lipid storage a b Lifestyle

This article introduces how various complex media impact the propulsion of micro/nanorobotics and highlights the emerging technological approaches to enhance the locomotion in complex environments toward practical medical applications in vivo.

Metrics & MoreArticle Recommendations CONSPECTUS: Wearable biosensors hold the potential of revolutionizing personalized healthcare and telemedicine. Advances in chemical sensing, flexible materials, and scalable manufacturing techniques now allow wearables to detect key physiological indicators such as temperature, vital signs, body motion, and molecular biomarkers. With these systems operating on the skin, they enable continuous and noninvasive disease diagnosis and health monitoring. Such complex devices, however, require suitable power sources in order to realize their full capacity. Emerging wearable energy harvesters are attractive for addressing the challenges of a wearable power supply. These harvesters convert various types of ambient energy sources (e.g., biomechanical energy, biochemical energy, and solar energy) into electricity.In some circumstances, the harvested electrical signals can directly be used for active sensing of physiological parameters. On the other hand, single or hybrid wearable energy harvesters, when integrated with power management circuits and energy storage devices, could power additional biosensors as well as signal processing and data transmission electronics. Selfpowered sensor systems operate continuously and sustainably without an external power supply are promising candidates in the next generation of wearable electronics and the Internet of Things. This Account highlights recent progress in self-powered wearable sensors toward personalized healthcare, covering biosensors, energy harvesters, energy storage, and power supply strategies. The Account begins with an introduction of our wearable biosensors toward an epidermal detection of physiological information. Advances in structural and material innovations enable wearable systems to measure both biophysical and biochemical indicators conformably, accurately, and continuously. We then discuss emerging technologies in wearable energy harvesting, classified according to their capability to scavenge energy from various sources. These include examples of using energy harvesters themselves as active biosensors. Through seamless integration and efficient power management, self-powered wireless wearable sensor systems allow real-time data acquisition, processing, and transmission for health monitoring. The final section of the Account covers the existing challenges and new opportunities for self-powered wearable sensors in health monitoring and human−machine interfaces toward personalized and precision medicine.

Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines stateof-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.

Wearable sweat sensors have the potential to revolutionize precision medicine as they can non‐invasively collect molecular information closely associated with an individual's health status. However, the majority of clinically relevant biomarkers cannot be continuously detected in situ using existing wearable approaches. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are a promising candidate to address this challenge but haven't yet gained widespread use due to their complex design and optimization process yielding variable selectivity. Here, QuantumDock is introduced, an automated computational framework for universal MIP development toward wearable applications. QuantumDock utilizes density functional theory to probe molecular interactions between monomers and the target/interferent molecules to optimize selectivity, a fundamentally limiting factor for MIP development toward wearable sensing. A molecular docking approach is employed to explore a wide range of known and unknown monomers, and to identify the optimal monomer/cross‐linker choice for subsequent MIP fabrication. Using an essential amino acid phenylalanine as the exemplar, experimental validation of QuantumDock is performed successfully using solution‐synthesized MIP nanoparticles coupled with ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Moreover, a QuantumDock‐optimized graphene‐based wearable device is designed that can perform autonomous sweat induction, sampling, and sensing. For the first time, wearable non‐invasive phenylalanine monitoring is demonstrated in human subjects toward personalized healthcare applications.