We reconstructed a high‐resolution, alkenone‐based sea surface temperature (SST) record spanning the last ca. 150 years, from a sediment core retrieved within the main upwelling zone off Peru. A conspicuous SST decline is evidenced since the 1950s despite interdecadal SST variability. Instrumental SST data and reanalysis of ECMWF ERA 40 winds suggest that the recent coastal cooling corresponds mainly to an intensification of alongshore winds and associated increase of upwelling in spring. Consistently, both proxy and instrumental data evidence increased productivity in phase with the SST cooling. Our data expand on previous reports on recent SST cooling in other Eastern Boundary upwelling systems and support scenarios that relate coastal upwelling intensification to global warming. Yet, further investigations are needed to assess the role of different mechanisms and forcings (enhanced local winds vs. spin‐up of the South Pacific High Pressure cell).
Resumen Bahía Independencia cuenta con un importante sistema marino cuya estructura y funcionalidad, ha sido objeto de diferentes estudios biológicos. A partir de informes de evaluaciones in situ (IMARPE, DHN) y de datos satelitales (QuikSCAT), se logró describir la variabilidad espacio-temporal de las condiciones hidrofísicas, en base a vientos, circulación marina, temperatura y salinidad. Para ello se aplicó análisis de estadística descriptiva, pruebas de correlación, análisis multivariado, análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y mapas con escalas de color. Se identificaron patrones de distribución espacial cuya formación se atribuye a factores locales. En superficie se manifiesta un gradiente latitudinal de temperatura y en menor proporción de salinidad, con valores altos al norte de la bahía, debido al repliegue de aguas por acción del viento y a la influencia de Laguna Grande, una formación semi-encerrada en el extremo norte de la bahía. A nivel de fondo, en la zona norte la distribución de temperatura y salinidad reflejan el proceso de afloramiento, evidenciado por aguas que circulan de manera transversal al eje mayor de la bahía. En cambio, en la zona sur la circulación logra acoplarse en ambos niveles de profundidad con flujos en sentido horario y antihorario, generando pequeñas zonas con características similares de salinidad. A la bahía incursionan con mayor frecuencia las Aguas Ecuatoriales Subsuperficiales (AESS) afloradas, en algunos períodos aguas superficiales de mezcla con influencia de las aguas subtropicales superficiales (ASS) y en condiciones extremas El Niño, como en 1998, las ASS, más cálidas y salinas.
Magnetic smart materials (MSMs) offer an alternative to the typical piezo-electric actuators that are currently being used to control X-ray optics on beam lines. MSMs combined with an overcoating of a magnetic hard material means a deformable mirror whose non-reflecting side is coated with a MSM plus magnetic hard overcoat can work in a power-off mode. The process works by using an electromagnet (EM) to impose a magnetic field in the bilayer of MSM and magnetic hard overcoat. Once the EM is turned off, the mirror settles to a new shape within minutes. The new shape can then remain intact for days. Since the EM is not fixed to the mirror, the exact placement of the magnetic field can be adjusted by relocating the EM. This feature allows for fine-scale adjustments and avoids the “dead pixel” replacement problem common with piezo patches that are attached to the mirror. We will give an overview and a progress report.
ResumenEl ecosistema de afloramiento peruano posee una alta variabilidad espacial y temporal en su producción primaria, que puede ser inferida a partir de observaciones de clorofila-a in situ y vía satélite. Las diferencias entre la clorofila-a in situ del IMARPE (Cla i ) y clorofila-a satelital del SeaWiFS (Cla s ) fueron estudiadas usando valores coincidentes en el espacio y tiempo, para conocer la relación entre Cla i y Cla s a partir de un modelo de regresión lineal simple. Asimismo, se determinó el ajuste entre ambas observaciones en las diferentes estaciones del año, calculando la raíz del cuadrado medio del error. La hipótesis fue que las observaciones de Cla i sobreestiman la variabilidad de Cla i y que en verano hay un mejor ajuste entre los valores de Cla i y Cla s , respecto a las otras estaciones del año. La ecuación general que relaciona ambas variables fue: Cla i = 0.9925 Cla s 0.9055 . Se encontró que el ajuste con transformación log 10 fue máximo en primavera (r = 0.84, RCME = 0.31) y mínimo en otoño (r = 0.72, RCME = 0.37). La clorofila-a fue sobreestimada en condiciones de verano y otoño, y subestimada en invierno y primavera por el SeaWiFS. Palabras clave: clorofila-a, SeaWiFS, modelo de regresión, afloramiento, Perú. AbstractThe Peruvian upwelling ecosystem has a high spatial and temporal variability in its primary production that could be inferred from in situ and satellite observations of chlorophyll. The differences between in situ (Cla i ) from IMARPE and satellite chlorophyll-a (Cla s ) from SeaWiFS data were studied using spatial and temporal coincident values, to know the relationship between Cla i and Cla s values from a simple linear regression model. Also, the goodness of fit between both observations during each season was calculated using the square root mean error. The hypothesis was that the Cla s observations overestimated the Cla i values and that in summer there is a better goodness of fit between Cla i and Cla s data, compared to other seasons. The general equation obtained relating both variables was: Cla i = 0.9925 Cla s 0.9055 . The goodness of fit between both data sources with a log 10 transformation was higher in spring (r = 0.84, RCME = 0.31) than in summer (r = 0.82, RCME = 0.33). The chlorophyll-a was overestimated in summer and fall, while it was underestimated in winter and spring by SeaWiFS satellite.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.