A large diversity in the stigmatizing beliefs, actions and attitudes toward treatment of mental illness within the Arab population were identified. The influence of cultural variations on stigma should be explored further and used to tailor anti-stigma interventions in this population.

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The clinical effectiveness and value of camel milk as a therapeutic agent is currently unclear. MEDLINE (1946 to March 2016), EMBASE (1974 to March 2016), and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms: milk, bodily secretions, camels, camelus, camelini, camelidae, dromedary, bactrian camel, body fluid, and bodily secretions. Articles identified were reviewed if the study was investigating the use of camel milk for the potential treatment of diseases affecting humans. Of 430 studies, 24 were included after assessment. Identified studies highlighted treatment with camel milk of diseases, including diabetes, autism, cancer, various infections, heavy metal toxicity, colitis, and alcohol-induced toxicity. Although most studies using both the human and animal model do show a clinical benefit with an intervention and camel milk, limitations of these studies must be taken into consideration before widespread use. Based on the evidence, camel milk should not replace standard therapies for any indication in humans.

Based on these findings, we recommend vancomycin 70 and 90 mg/kg/day divided q6 h for troughs of 10-15 and 15-20 mg/L, respectively (patients 1 month-6 years) and 60 mg/kg/day divided q8 h and 70 mg/kg/day divided q6 h, respectively (patients >6 years) to undergo further testing as initial dosing regimens. Furthermore, population estimates grossly underestimate vancomycin AUC in patients 1-18 years old and thus patient-specific parameters are required.