Purpose -To describe the use of specific lags (and/or temporal differences) of the original regressors as instrumental variables in a succinct and practical way, showing, by means of a theoretical discussion illustrated by an original simulation exercise, how combining these with adequate modeling of firm and time fixed effects can address not only the dynamic endogeneity problem, but also those derived from the presence of omitted variables, measurement errors, and simultaneity between dependent and independent variables. Design/methodology/approach -Monte Carlo simulationFindings -The traditional OLS, RE, and FE estimators may be inconsistent in the presence of endogeneity problems that are quite plausible in the context of corporate finance. On the other hand, the estimation methods for panel data based on GMM that use assumptions of sequential exogeneity of the regressors present alternatives that are capable of effectively overcoming all the problems listed (provided these assumptions are valid) even if the researcher does not have good instrumental variables that are external to the model Originality/value -The paper discusses and illustrates a greater number of endogeneity problems, showing how they are addressed by different estimators for panel data, using less technical and more accessible language for researchers not yet initiated in the intricacies of estimating dynamic models for panel data.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é Identificar os fatores macroeconômicos e os indicadores industriais que influenciaram o spread bancário brasileiro no período de Março de 2011 a Março de 2015. É considerada a subclassificação de alguns segmentos de atividade industrial. Foram utilizados dados mensais de séries temporais em modelos de regressão linear multivariada com uso do Eviews (7.0), dezoito variáveis foram consideradas como possíveis determinantes..  Influenciam positivamente; a inadimplência, os IPIs (Índices de Produção Industrial) de bens de capital, bens intermediários, bens de consumo duráveis, bens semiduráveis e não duráveis, a Selic, o PIB, a taxa de desemprego e o EMBI+. Determinam negativamente; os IPIs bens de consumo e geral, IPCA, o saldo da carteira de crédito e o índice de vendas no varejo. Foi considerado p-valor de  05%.. A conclusão principal é que o progresso da indústria, da geração de empregos e do consumo podem reduzir o spread.

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