2.2. Índices médios de pluviosidade, temperatura e pressão atmosférica medidos na estação meteorológica de Cananéia e Iguape ao longo de 80 anos (Fonte: IPCC-DDC, 1990).2.3. Diagrama de alturas de maré preditas pela estação maregráfica da base avançada do IO-USP, em Cananéia (baseado em Harari & Mesquita, 2003). Nível médio: 0,8 m. 2.4.Associações florísticas relacionadas à fixação pioneira de formas dunares no Estado de São Paulo, segundo Hueck (1955). A: associação de Iresine portulacoides. B: associação de Spartina ciliata (vento predominante da esquerda para direita). Baseado em Hueck (1955). 3.1.Terminologia usada para designação das várias partes constituintes de sistemas costeiros clásticos associados a praias dominadas por ondas. Baseado em Angulo (1996). 3.2.Modelo esquemático proposto por Hueck (1955) para o estabelecimento de depressões interdunares no litoral sul paulista. 1: redemoinho de vento. 2: duna antiga (mais estabilizada e interior) escarpada. 3: frente dunar jovem. 4: falésia dunar expondo denso sistema de raízes. Baseado em Hueck (1955). 3.3.Trigonometria utilizada para padronização das medidas de largura da praia, na Ilha Comprida (extraído de Tanaka, 2005). 3.4.Cálculo do vetor resultante L a partir de dois vetores previamente aceitos pela regra de McLaren & Bowles (1985), entre estações pertencentes a um mesmo raio de alcance da distância característica (D CR ) (no exemplo desta análise, contada a partir da estação A). Um valor adimensional 1 é sempre atribuído aos vetores aceitos pela regra. Entretanto, o valor escalar do vetor comprimento resultante dependerá, como exemplificado, do ângulo entre os vetores aceitos.3.5. Exemplo de reagrupamento de um conjunto de dados a partir de uma distribuição original.3.6. Exemplo de distribuições de vetores obtidas a partir de dados originais a determinado número de iterações, de modo a estabelecer um vetor comprimento crítico (L X ) para cada estação. 4.1.Fotografias aéreas do extremo nordeste da Ilha Comprida e praia do Leste. Notar, entre as duas datas, o deslocamento da desembocadura de Icapara para NE, a redução da planície de cordões ao interior da praia do Leste, e o desaparecimento de esporão arenoso na praia de Ilha Comprida.
Cancer and infectious diseases continue to be a major public health problem, and new drugs are necessary. As marine organisms are well known to provide a wide range of original compounds, the aim of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of the main constituents of the cosmopolitan red alga, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius. The structure of several bromoditerpenes was determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Five molecules were isolated and characterized which include a new brominated diterpene belonging to the rare dactylomelane family and named sphaerodactylomelol (1), along with four already known sphaerane bromoditerpenes (2–5). Antitumor activity was assessed by cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative assays on an in vitro model of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2 cells). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against four pathogenic microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Compound 4 exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (IC50 6.35 µM) and compound 5 the highest anti-proliferative activity on HepG-2 cells (IC50 42.9 µM). The new diterpene, sphaerodactylomelol (1), induced inhibition of cell proliferation (IC50 280 µM) and cytotoxicity (IC50 720 µM) on HepG-2 cells and showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (IC50 96.3 µM).
The first chemical investigation of the Mediterranean deep-sea sponge Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866) led to the identification of seven new steroidal saponins named poecillastrosides A–G (1–7). All saponins feature an oxidized methyl at C-18 into a primary alcohol or a carboxylic acid. While poecillastrosides A–D (1–4) all contain an exo double bond at C-24 of the side-chain and two osidic residues connected at O-2′, poecillastrosides E–G (5–7) are characterized by a cyclopropane on the side-chain and a connection at O-3′ between both sugar units. The chemical structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analysis (High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRESIMS), 1D and 2D NMR) and the absolute configurations of the sugar residues were assigned after acidic hydrolysis and cysteine derivatization followed by LC-HRMS analyses. Poecillastrosides D and E, bearing a carboxylic acid at C-18, were shown to exhibit antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus.
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