Abstract. Cieszkowski's philosophy embodies the most influential trends in philosophy and culture of the nineteenth century. This does not mean, however, that Cieszkowski's philosophy has today only historical character and it is good topic for some historians of philosophy. On the contrary. Although Cieszkowski used Post-Hegelian language and concepts, at the core his philosophy is an experience which has got a fundamental complexion. It is an experience of the dialectic of history. It underlies not only the history of philosophy of the nineteenth century, but also lies at the root of modern consciousness, as determined by hermeneutics and postmodernism. The ancestor of the transversal reason is a cunning reason of history. Postmodernism, which focuses on pluralism and diversity, is closely related to the era of the "end of history" and posthistory. The last term, just as the "postmodernism" is a historiosophical concept. The present of Cieszkowski's philosophy of history allows us better understanding the philosophical foundation of contemporary culture.

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Abstract:The aim of the paper is to discuss the philosophical and historical sources and concepts of the antinomy of contemporary professionalism. A professional is somebody distinct from a craftsman and a specialist. Professionalism has its roots in the medieval phenomenon of a profession, which refers to the category of an occupation, liberal arts as well as the beginning of universities and a characteristic vision of education. in the 19 th century, the understanding of a profession was altered. The development of science and technology, which runs in parallel with the endorsement of materialistic objectivism, resulting in the total separation of reality from the realm of values, contributed to the fact that professionalism was cracking at its seams. in consequence, the contemporary professionalism is endangered by the possibility of losing its essence. The dangers are the following: commercialisation, corporationalism, esoterism, politicalisation, bureaucratization, technocracy and barbarisation.

The aim of presented article is the discussion with several theses of Witold Płotka's book Studia z fenomenologii poznania. Transcendentalna filozofia Edmunda Husserla a problem wiedzy [Studies in the Phenomenology of Cognition. Transcendental Philosophy of Edmund Husserl and the Problem of Knowledge]. After a short presentation of its main theses, the article subjects them to criticism. It starts with a observation that Husserl's theory of cognition, as reconstructed by Płotka, assumes the primacy of theoretical reason, which results in two major problems: ignoring the ontological assumptions of cognition as such and its life-world context. The introduction of the latter element into the discussion implies radical reconstruction of the phenomenology of cognition in the direction of the phenomenology of life.