Medial temporal lobe (MTL) function is well established as necessary for memory of facts and events. It is likely that lateral cortical regions critically guide cognitive control processes to tune in high-fidelity details that are most relevant for memory retrieval. Here, convergent results from functional and structural MRI show that retrieval of detailed episodic memory arises from lateral cortical—MTL networks, including regions of inferior frontal and angular gyrii. Results also suggest that recognition of items based on low-fidelity, generalized information, rather than memory arising from retrieval of relevant episodic details, is not associated with functional connectivity between MTL and lateral cortical regions. Additionally, individual differences in microstructural properties in white matter pathways, associated with distributed MTL-cortical networks, are positively correlated with better performance on a mnemonic discrimination task.

Having agreed upon a binding emissions reduction path by 2020, the EU plays a leading role in international climate policy. The EU currently pursues a dual approach through an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) at the EU level and also via national targets in sectors not covered by the ETS. The latter include the buildings sector, transportation, agriculture, and waste. Emissions from these sectors are mainly subject to policies at provincial and local levels. A method is presented for elaborating and implementing a long-term climate policy process up to 2030 for the regional (provincial) level. Building on regional GHG inventory data, a set of indicators for each sector is developed in order to arrive at a target path consistent with the deduced regional GHG reduction requirement. Policy measures and their implementation are then settled subsequent to this process. Quantitative regional targets are found to be a prerequisite for the formation of regional climate policy as they increase participant responsibility and commitment. A five-step process of stakeholder participation ensures effective implementation of regional climate action plans. Insights from an exemplary European region are drawn upon, and policy issues are discussed in both quantitative and institutional terms.En vertu d'avoir convenu d'une trajectoire de réduction des émissions à l'horizon 2020, l'union europénne est dans un rôle de premier plan en politique climatique internationale. L'UE poursuit actuellement une double approche à la fois celle d'un système d'échange de quotas d'émissions à l'échelle de l'UE, ainsi qu'à travers des cibles nationales dans les secteurs non inscrits au SCEQE. Ces derniers comprennent le secteur du bâtiment, les transports, l'agriculture et les déchets. Les émissions issues de ces secteurs sont principalement l'objet de politiques aux niveaux regional ou local. Une méthode est présentée pour élaborer et mettre en place un processus de politique climatique sur le long terme d'ici 2030 pour le niveau régional (provinces). S'appuyant sur des données d'inventaire de GES régionaux, une série d'indices est développée pour chaque secteur de manière à atteindre une trajectoire de cible correspondant aux besoins régionaux en réductions de GES inférés. Les mesures politiques et leur mise en oeuvre sont ensuite établies postérieurement à ce processus. Les cibles quantitatives régionales s'avèrent être une condition préalable dans l'élaboration de politiques climatiques régionales en raison de la responsabilité et de l'engagement des participants accrus. Un processus en cinq étapes pour la participation des partie prenantes assure une mise en place concrète des plans d'action de lutte climatique régionale. une région europeéenne exemplaire permet de fournir des aperçus utiles, et des questions politiques sont discutées de maniere quantitative et qualitative.

The early stages of building design involve the consideration of different design variants and their assessment regarding various performance criteria including energy consumption and costs. During the design process, the involved experts from different disciplines frequently exchange building information to develop a design that satisfies the project’s requirements and objectives. In the course of this iterative process, the building design evolves throughout multiple refinement stages. At the same time, different variants are developed. In BIM-based projects, the maturity of the design information provided by the model is expressed by the notion of Level of development (LOD). So far, however, there is no method to formally define the information requirements of a LOD. In particular, there are no means for expressing the uncertainty involved with the provided information. By contrast, despite the insufficient information available in early design stages, a BIM model appears precise and certain. This situation leads to false assumptions and model evaluations, for example, in the case of energy efficiency calculations or structural analysis. Hence, this paper presents an overview of a set of approaches that were developed to alleviate and preserve the consistency of the designed solutions. The approach includes the development of a multi-LOD meta-model, which allows one to explicitly describe the LOD requirements of each building component type incorporating the possible uncertainties, e.g. concerning the building dimensions. On the basis of this multi-LOD model, methods for evaluating a building design’s performance regarding the building’s structure and life cycle energy performance are proposed that take the defined uncertainties into account. To support the management of design variants in one consistent model, a graph-based approach is introduced. Finally, a minimized communication protocol is described to facilitate the workflow and communicate the evaluation results for supporting the decision-making process.

No abstract

Eine frühe Integration der tragwerksplanerischen Expertise in den Prozess des Gebäudeentwurfs ermöglicht eine effiziente Unterstützung der hochkomplexen Planungsentscheidungen. Zur Bereitstellung und Verwendung des dafür geeigneten Erfahrungswissens des Ingenieurwesens wurde ein wissensbasiertes System (WBS) entwickelt. Dieses kann durch den Einsatz von entwicklungsstufenbezogenen unscharfen Wissensbanken sowie zugehöriger Inferenzsysteme eine Beurteilung von Tragstrukturen und Vorschläge von Entwurfsoptionen leisten. Das Entwicklungsstufensystem enthält eine Bewertung von Tragsystemen basierend auf der Possibilitätstheorie und umfasst Konzepte der adaptiven Entwicklungsstufen. Durch den Einsatz der leicht verständlichen Formulierung von Regeln im Modus Ponens und von Inferenzmechanismen der Fuzzy Logic wird dabei die Nachahmung des menschlichen Entscheidungsverhaltens ermöglicht. Zur Akquise des Wissens werden Parameterstudien mit der Berechnung und Bemessung von Tragelementen des Stahlbetonbaus durchgeführt. Praxiserfahrungen bestimmen die für die im üblichen Hochbau zu erwartenden Strukturen zu berücksichtigenden Wertebereiche. Mechanismen zur Berücksichtigung einer möglichen Ungewissheit von Entwurfsgrößen werden bereitgestellt. Das resultierende WBS ermöglicht schließlich eine Steigerung der Effizienz des Planungsprozesses bereits in frühen Planungsphasen.