Description Functions and datasets for bootstrapping from the book``Bootstrap Methods and Their Application'' by A. C. Davison and D. V. Hinkley (1997, CUP), originally written by Angelo Canty for S. Title Bootstrap Functions (Originally by Angelo Canty for S) Depends R (>= 3.0.0), graphics, stats Suggests MASS, survival LazyData yes ByteCompile yes License Unlimited NeedsCompilation no Author Angelo Canty [aut], Brian Ripley [aut, trl, cre] (author of parallel support) Repository CRAN

Objectives Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is highly prevalent in the general population, affecting up to 25% of patients 55 years or older. There is a known association with acute ischemic stroke, but limited large-cohort studies exist pertaining to the relationship between PAD severity and incident ischemic stroke. The objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of incident ischemic stroke and mortality along the spectrum of low and elevated ankle brachial index (ABI) measurement. Methods We performed a retrospective extraction of ABI data of all adult patients who underwent lower extremity physiology study for any indication from January 1, 1996 to June 30, 2018 in the Mayo Clinic health system. PAD was categorized into severe, moderate, mild, and borderline based on ABI measurements and poorly compressible arteries (PCA). These were compared with normal ABI measurements. Associations of PAD/PCA with new ischemic stroke events and all-cause mortality were analyzed. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional regression with 95% confidence intervals. Results A total of 39,834 unique patients were included with a median follow up duration of 4.59 years. All abnormal ABI groups, except borderline PAD, were associated with increased risk of incident ischemic stroke after multivariate regression compared to normal ABI. A severity-dependent association was observed between PAD and ischemic stroke with moderate (HR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.10–1.35]) and severe (HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.02–1.40]) categories conferring similar risk in comparison to normal ABI. Patients with PCA carried the greatest ischemic stroke risk (HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.15–1.46]). Similarly, abnormal ABI groups were associated with a significant risk for all-cause mortality in a severity-dependent manner, with severe PAD conferring the greatest risk (HR, 3.07 [95% CI, 2.88–3.27]). Conclusions This study adds to the growing body of evidence that both PAD and PCA are independent risk factors for incident ischemic stroke and all-cause mortality. The association of PAD severity and PCA with risk of ischemic stroke may help clinicians with risk stratification and determining treatment intensity.

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Encephalopathy, delirium, and agitation are documented symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection, but research into the management of agitation in the setting of COVID-19 and preexisting neuropsychiatric disease is ongoing. We present a 55-year-old male patient with early-onset Alzheimer disease and deteriorating mental and functional status who presented to our institution with agitation and persistent COVID-19 positivity on polymerase chain reaction testing. His agitation was improved through pharmacologic optimization including the avoidance of benzodiazepines and initiation of clonidine and prazosin, which temporally coincided with the resolution of his nearly 2-month long COVID-19 positivity.

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