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Marine algae are valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds, among them, the group of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs). As an example of SPs, it could be cited the fucoidans in brown algae, carrageenans in red algae and ulvans in green algae. Since the past decades, SPs have been extracted from algae and evaluated in respect to their beneficial biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, immunological and anticancer. This review deals with the presentation of natively bioactive SPs structural features in addition to already employed approaches of SPs structure modifications, such as chemical and physical methods. Moreover, this article presents the advantages and the importance of using enzymatic methods during SPs modification, and particularly, the use of microorganisms as enzymes sources. Enzymes such as hydrolases/glycosidases (e.g. fucoidanase, fucosidase, agarase and carrageenase), lyases, sulfotransferases and sulfatases could be used for this purpose. It has been shown that more studies are necessary to obtain/identify opportunities to create novel, or to intensify, SPs biological properties. Considering the advantages in the use of microbial enzymes in biotransformation processes, studies related to the modification of SPs by microorganisms should be stimulated.

Bromelain is a set of proteolytic enzymes found in pineapple (Ananas comosus) tissues such as stem, fruit and leaves. Because of its proteolytic activity, bromelain has potential applications in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. The present study focused on the recovery of bromelain from pineapple peel by liquid-liquid extraction in aqueous two-phase micellar systems (ATPMS), using Triton X-114 (TX-114) and McIlvaine buffer, in the absence and presence of electrolytes CaCl2 and KI; the cloud points of the generated extraction systems were studied by plotting binodal curves. Based on the cloud points, three temperatures were selected for extraction: 30, 33, and 36°C for systems in the absence of salts; 40, 43, and 46°C in the presence of KI; 24, 27, and 30°C in the presence of CaCl2 . Total protein and enzymatic activities were analyzed to monitor bromelain. Employing the ATPMS chosen for extraction (0.5 M KI with 3% TX-114, at pH 6.0, at 40°C), the bromelain extract stability was assessed after incorporation into three cosmetic bases: an anhydrous gel, a cream, and a cream-gel formulation. The cream-gel formulation presented as the most appropriate base to convey bromelain, and its optimal storage conditions were found to be 4.0 ± 0.5°C. The selected ATPMS enabled the extraction of a biomolecule with high added value from waste lined-up in a cosmetic formulation, allowing for exploration of further cosmetic potential.

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