Sugarcane is an important crop for the Brazilian economy and roughly 50% of its production is used to produce ethanol. However, the common practice of pre-harvest burning of sugarcane straw emits particulate material, greenhouse gases, and tropospheric ozone precursors to the atmosphere. Even with policies to eliminate the practice of pre-harvest sugarcane burning in the near future, there is still significant environmental damage. Thus, the generation of reliable inventories of emissions due to this activity is crucial in order to assess their environmental impact. Nevertheless, the official Brazilian emissions inventory does not presently include the contribution from pre-harvest sugarcane burning. In this context, this work aims to determine sugarcane straw burning emission factors for some trace gases and particulate material smaller than 2.5 μm in the laboratory. Excess mixing ratios for CO 2 , CO, NO X , UHC (unburned hydrocarbons), and PM 2.5 were OPEN ACCESSAtmosphere 2012, 3 165 measured, allowing the estimation of their respective emission factors. Average estimated values for emission factors (g kg −1 of burned dry biomass) were 1,303 ± 218 for CO 2 , 65 ± 14 for CO, 1.5 ± 0.4 for NO X , 16 ± 6 for UHC, and 2.6 ± 1.6 for PM 2.5 . These emission factors can be used to generate more realistic emission inventories and therefore improve the results of air quality models.

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Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma nova metodologia para mapeamento da cultura da soja no Estado de Mato Grosso, por meio de imagens Modis e de diferentes abordagens de classificação de imagens. Foram utilizadas imagens diárias e imagens de 16 dias. As imagens diárias foram diretamente classificadas pelo algoritmo Isoseg. As duas séries de imagens de 16 dias, referentes ao ciclo total e à metade do ciclo da cultura da soja, foram transformadas pela análise de componentes principais (ACP), antes de serem classificadas. Dados de referência, obtidos por interpretação visual de imagens do sensor TM/Landsat-5, foram utilizados para a avaliação da exatidão das classificações. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos pela classificação das imagens do ciclo total da soja, transformadas pela ACP: índice global de 0,83 e Kappa de 0,63. A melhor classificação de imagens diárias mostrou índice global de 0,80 e Kappa de 0,55. A ACP aplicada às imagens do ciclo total da soja permitiu o mapeamento das áreas de soja com índices de exatidão melhores do que os obtidos pela classificação derivada das imagens de data única.Termos para indexação: Glycine max, classificação de imagens, componentes principais, estatísticas agrícolas, processamento digital, sensoriamento remoto. Mono and multitemporal Modis imagery for soybean area estimate in Mato Grosso State, BrazilAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate a new methodology to map soybean crop area in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, using Modis imagery and different image classification approaches. Single-day and 16-day images were used. The single-day images were classified using the Isoseg algorithm. Two series of 16-day composite images, covering the full and the half soybean crop cycles, were transformed using principal component analysis (PCA) prior to the classification. A reference data set, achieved by visual interpretation of TM/Landsat-5 images, was used to evaluate the accuracy of the classifications. The best results were reached using the image classification of soybean full cycle, transformed by PCA: overall accuracy of 0.83, and Kappa of 0.63. The best single-day classification showed an overall index of 0.80, and 0.55 Kappa. PCA applied to the images of the full cycle allowed for the mapping of soybean crop areas with better accuracy indices than those obtained by the single-day classification.