No abstract

Purpose -Tourism in Antarctica is rapidly growing and diversifying, which raises concerns about its impacts and the robustness of the current regulatory regime. Focusing on the analysis of past developments and trends of Antarctic tourism, this paper aims to describe the future opportunities for tourism in Antarctica.Design/methodology/approach -Using literature on the recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) and ecotourism opportunity spectrum (ECOS), the paper analyzes the future opportunities of Antarctic tourism and the key factors that determine the window of opportunity for Antarctic tour operators.Findings -The analysis shows that tourism opportunities in Antarctica are defined by a combination of factors, which the authors integrate into an Antarctic tourism opportunity spectrum (ATOS). The paper argues that the opportunity settings for tourism in Antarctica vary from operations of increasing scale and efficiency to the continued development of smaller scale niche products, both of which will continue to diversify and drive the development of tourism in Antarctica.Research limitations/implications -The paper is an attempt to transfer the concept of ROS, originally designed for the operational level of national park management, to the more strategic level of tourism trends in Antarctica. The research findings are based on stakeholder interaction within a limited number of countries.Practical implications -The paper is a potential source of information and advice for policy makers and managers of Antarctic resources, as well as scholars interested in Antarctic tourism issues.Originality/value -The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the regulation of tourism in Antarctica.

Over the last decade, Antarctic tourism has experienced an exponential growth in tourist numbers and a diversification of tourist activities resulting in questions that challenge the effectiveness and adequacy of the current regulatory regime. Three categories of key Antarctic tourism stakeholders—regulators, organizers, and monitors—were interviewed and provided their perspective on some of the main aspects of Antarctic tourism regulation. The current and anticipated future state of Antarctic tourism, tourism practice and ethos, the success of regulatory mechanisms through the Antarctic Treaty System and International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO), and the cooperation between the stakeholder groups are explored to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the regulatory regime. The study confirms that currently Antarctic tourism can be adequately regulated through existing mechanisms, but that growing numbers of tourists and vessels may require more stringent tools to be adopted. Site-specific guidelines are identified as effective tools for a targeted and flexible regulation of primarily ship-borne tourism.