Acinetobacter baumanniii -motility -1,3-diaminopropane -dat -ddc -A. baylyi ADP1 -52

Chlorella and Stichococcus are morphologically simple airborne microalgae, omnipresent in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The minute cell size and resistance against environmental stress facilitate their long-distance dispersal. However, the actual distribution of Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species has so far been inferred only from ambiguous morphology-based evidence. Here we contribute a phylogenetic analysis of an expanded SSU and ITS2 rDNA sequence dataset representing Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species from terrestrial habitats of polar, temperate and tropical regions. We aim to uncover biogeographical patterns at low taxonomic levels. We found that psychrotolerant strains of Chlorella and Stichococcus are closely related with strains originating from the temperate zone. Species closely related to Chlorella vulgaris and Muriella terrestris, and recovered from extreme terrestrial environments of polar regions and hot deserts, are particularly widespread. Stichococcus strains from the temperate zone, with their closest relatives in the tropics, differ from strains with the closest relatives being from the polar regions. Our data suggest that terrestrial Chlorella and Stichococcus might be capable of intercontinental dispersal; however, their actual distributions exhibit biogeographical patterns.

No abstract

A novel gammaproteobacterium, strain CN3T, was isolated from the faeces of wild boar. Strain CN3T was facultatively anaerobic and appeared coccoid or rod-shaped. The partial 16S rRNA gene sequence determined for strain CN3T suggested a distant relationship with members of the orders ‘Enterobacteriales’ and Pasteurellales. The gene sequence showed highest similarity (90.3 %) with Obesumbacterium proteus DSM 2777T, a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The closest relatives outside the order ‘Enterobacteriales’ according to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis were members of the order Pasteurellales with 88.7 % similarity (Mannheimia haemolytica NCTC 9380T and Actinobacillus lignieresii NCTC 4189T). In contrast to most members of the order ‘Enterobacteriales’, strain CN3T was oxidase-positive. The pattern of fatty acids, in particular the high relative abundance of C18 : 1 ω7c (38.5 %), was clearly distinct from the conserved pattern found for members of the order Pasteurellales. EcoRI ribotyping of strain CN3T yielded no significant similarity to existing database entries. The major ubiquinone of strain CN3T was Q-8. The DNA G+C content was 36.4 mol%. Strain CN3T hosted a phage and secreted considerable amounts of three proteins into the culture supernatant. A spontaneous mutant of strain CN3T was isolated which formed long filaments. Microscopic studies revealed the presence of a capsule that the mutant strain was unable to partition after cell division. Strain CN3T thus represents a novel species within a new genus, for which the name Orbus hercynius gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is CN3T (=DSM 22228T=CCUG 57622T). Classification of the novel species to the family and order level will require further investigations.

We report the nucleotide sequence of two novel cryptic plasmids (4357 and 14 662 base pairs) carried by a Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A strain isolated from pork. As distinguished from most biotype 1A strains, this isolate, designated 07-04449, exhibited adherence to eukaryotic cells. The smaller plasmid pYe4449-1 carries five attributable open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the first CcdA/CcdB-like antitoxin/toxin system described for a Yersinia plasmid, a RepA-like replication initiation protein, and mobilizing factors MobA and MobC. The deduced amino acid sequences showed highest similarity to proteins described in Salmonella (CcdA/B), Klebsiella (RepA), and Plesiomonas (MobA/C) indicating genomic fluidity among members of the Enterobacteriaceae. One additional ORF with unknown function, termed ORF5, was identified with an ancestry distinct from the rest of the plasmid. While the C+G content of ORF5 is 38.3%, the rest of pYe4449-1 shows a C+G content of 55.7%. The C+G content of the larger plasmid pYe4449-2 (54.9%) was similar to that of pYe4449-1 (53.7%) and differed from that of the Y. enterocolitica genome (47.3%). Of the 14 ORFs identified on pYe4449-2, only six ORFs showed significant similarity to database entries. For three of these ORFs likely functions could be ascribed: a TnpR-like resolvase and a phage replication protein, localized each on a low C+G island, and DNA primase TraC. Two ORFs of pYe4449-2, ORF3 and ORF7, seem to encode secretable proteins. Epitope-tagging of ORF3 revealed protein expression at 4°C but not at or above 27°C suggesting adaptation to a habitat outside swine. The hypothetical protein encoded by ORF7 is the member of a novel repeat protein family sharing the DxxGN(x)nDxxGN motif. Our findings illustrate the exceptional gene pool diversity within the species Y. enterocolitica driven by horizontal gene transfer events.