SSM and NSSM have been offered to patients with relatively low-risk breast cancer as oncologically safe while affording superior cosmesis with one-step immediate reconstruction. Our series demonstrates that either procedure can be offered to patients with more advanced cancers requiring postoperative RT. The complication rates are comparable to those reported for patients undergoing RT after traditional mastectomies.

ARM allows frequent identification of arm lymphatics in the axilla, which would have been transected during routine surgery. Rates of metastases in noncrossover nodes and axillary recurrences are low. Lymphedema rates are dramatically reduced using ARM when compared with accepted standards.

BACKGROUNDWe hypothesize that mapping the lymphatic drainage of the arm with blue dye (axillary reverse mapping, ARM) during axillary lymphadenectomy decreases the likelihood of disruption of lymphatics and subsequent lymphedema.METHODSThis institutional review board-approved study from May 2006 to October 2011 involved 360 patients undergoing SLNB and/or ALND. Technetium sulfur colloid (4 mL) was injected subareolarly and 5 mL of blue dye was injected subcutaneously in the volar surface ipsilateral upper extremity (ARM). Data were collected on variations in lymphatic drainage, successful identification and protection of arm lymphatics, crossover, and occurrence of lymphedema.RESULTSA group of 360 patients underwent SLNB and/or ALND. A total of 348 patients underwent a SLNB. Of those, 237/348(68.1%) had a SLNB only and 111/348(31.9%) went on to an ALND due to a positive axilla. An additional 12/360(3.3%) axilla had ALND due to a clinically positive axilla/preoperative core needle biopsy. In 96%(334/348) of patients with SLNB, breast SLNs were hot but not blue; crossover (SLN hot and blue) was seen in 14/348(4%). Blue lymphatics were identified in 80/237(33.7%) of SLN incisions and in 93/123(75.4%) ALND. Average follow-up was 12 months (range 3 to 48 months) and resulted in a SLNB lymphedema rate of 1.7%(4/237) and ALND of 2.4%(3/123).CONCLUSIONSARM identified significant lymphatic variations draining the upper extremities and facilitated preservation. Metastases in ARM-identified lymph nodes were acceptably low indicating that ARM is safe. ARM added to present-day ALND and SLNB may be useful to lower lymphedema rates.