One Health (OH) positions health professionals as agents for change and provides a platform to manage determinants of health that are often not comprehensively captured in medicine or public health alone. However, due to the organization of societies and disciplines, and the sectoral allocation of resources, the development of transdisciplinary approaches requires effort and perseverance. Therefore, there is a need to provide evidence on the added value of OH for governments, researchers, funding bodies, and stakeholders. This paper outlines a conceptual framework of what OH approaches can encompass and the added values they can provide. The framework was developed during a workshop conducted by the “Network for Evaluation of One Health,” an Action funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology. By systematically describing the various aspects of OH, we provide the basis for measuring and monitoring the integration of disciplines, sectors, and stakeholders in health initiatives. The framework identifies the social, economic, and environmental drivers leading to integrated approaches to health and illustrates how these evoke characteristic OH operations, i.e., thinking, planning, and working, and require supporting infrastructures to allow learning, sharing, and systemic organization. It also describes the OH outcomes (i.e., sustainability, health and welfare, interspecies equity and stewardship, effectiveness, and efficiency), which are not possible to obtain through sectoral approaches alone, and their alignment with aspects of sustainable development based on society, environment, and economy.

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Livestock, especially cattle, play a paramount role in agriculture production systems, particularly in poor countries throughout the world. Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have an important impact on livestock and agriculture production in sub-Saharan Africa. The authors review the most common methods used for the control of ticks and TBDs. Special emphasis is given to the direct application of acaricides to the host animals. The possible environmental and public health adverse effects (i.e., risks for the workers, residues in the environment and in food products of animal origin) are mentioned. The authors present two case studies, describing different field experiences in controlling ticks in two African countries. In Zambia (Southern Africa), a strategic dipping regime was used to control Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks, vectors of theileriosis, a deadly disease affecting cattle in the traditional livestock sector in Southern Province. The dipping regime adopted allowed to reduce the tick challenge and cattle mortally rate and, at the same time, to employ less acaricide as compared to the intensive dipping used so far, without disrupting the building-up of enzootic stability. In Burkina Faso (West Africa), where dipping was never used for tick control, an acaricide footbath was employed as an alternative method to the traditional technique used locally (portable manual sprayers). This was developed from field observations on the invasion/attachment process of the Amblyomma variegatum ticks – vector of cowdriosis – on the animal hosts, leading to a control method aimed to kill ticks temporarily attached to the interdigital areas before their permanent attachment to the predilection sites. This innovative method has been overall accepted by the local farmers. It has the advantage of greatly reducing costs of treatments and has a minimal environmental impact, making footbath a sustainable and replicable method, adoptable also in other West African countries. Although the two methods described, developed in very different contexts, are not comparable – if public health and environmental implications are taken into account, if a balance among efficacy of the control method(s), cost-effectiveness and sustainability is reached – a way forward for the implementation of a One Health strategy can be set.

The current fragmented framework of health governance for humans, animals and environment, together with the conventional linear approach to solving current health problems, is failing to meet today's health challenges and is proving unsustainable. Advances in healthcare depend increasingly on intensive interventions, technological developments and expensive pharmaceuticals. The disconnect grows between human health, animal health and environmental and ecosystems health. Human development gains have come with often unrecognized negative externalities affecting ecosystems. Deterioration in biodiversity and ecosystem services threatens to reverse the health gains of the last century. A paradigm shift is urgently required to de-sectoralize human, animal, plant and ecosystem health and to take a more integrated approach to health, One Health (OH). The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer a framework and unique opportunity for this. Through analysing individual SDGs, we argue the feasibility of an OH approach towards achieving them. Feasibility assessments and outcome evaluations are often constrained by sectoral politics within a national framework, historic possession of expertise, as well as tried and tested metrics. OH calls for a better understanding, acceptance and use of a broader and transdisciplinary set of assessment metrics. Key objectives of OH are presented: that humans reconnect with our natural past and accept our place in, and dependence on our planet's ecosystems; and that we recognize our dependence on ecosystem services, the impact of our development thereon and accept our responsibility towards future generations to address this. Several action points are proposed to meet these objectives.Keywords: One Health, Health governance, Health policy, Sustainable development goals, Ecosystems health, Global health, Planetary Health Review Methodology: We reviewed academic papers and on line resources for definitions of health for each sector (human, animal, wildlife, plant and ecosystem health). The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the official lists of diseases published by WHO and the OIE were collated and analysed for their suitability for an integrated approach to management. Selected SDGs were chosen as examples to demonstrate the feasibility of an integrated or one Health approach, which was supported by reviewing the relevant literature for each.

The nucleotide sequence of the highly divergent small-ruminant lentivirus genotype E has been determined. The full genome consists of 8,418 nucleotides and lacks two large portions corresponding nearly to the entire dUTPase subunit of the pol and vpr-like accessory genes. Moreover, the 70-bp repeat of the U3 region of the long terminal repeat was observed to be deleted. Interestingly, this lentivirus genotype is able to persist in a local breed population, and retrospective analysis revealed its presence in milk samples collected in 1999. gag sequences obtained from a flock coinfected with the B1 and E genotypes revealed that the evolutionary rates of the two viruses were quite similar. Since a reduced viral load and/or disease progression was observed for viruses with artificially deleted dUTPase and vpr-like genes, it is proposed that this viral cluster be designated a low-pathogenicity caprine lentivirus.The small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are a genetically and antigenically heterogeneous group of viruses infecting sheep and goats, leading to persistent infection and chronic debilitating diseases. The majority of SRLV isolates can be classified into two main phylogenetic clusters: genotype A, involving maedi-visna virus-like strains, and genotype B, including caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV)-like isolates, originally isolated from sheep and goats, respectively. Additional genotypes include Norwegian (genotype C) (4) and Swiss and Spanish (genotype D) (15, 18) isolates and the recently described Italian caprine isolates (genotype E) identified in flocks in which the local Roccaverano goat breed was prevalent (5). Interestingly, as for other indigenous goat breeds, typical clinical signs of lentiviral infection had never been observed in Italy before the introduction of imported breeds carrying the B1 subtype in the early 1980s.SRLVs possess a complex genome comprising the gag, pol, and env structural genes and the vif, tat, and rev accessory genes. The low-pathogenicity SRLVs characterized so far have shown that deletions or mutations in the long terminal repeat (LTR) may be associated with variations in virulence, likely due to the presence of replication enhancer elements such as AP1, AML, tumor necrosis factor-␣, and gamma interferon response elements (1, 11). Additional information about virulence factors has been produced in in vitro and in vivo studies by using genetic manipulation of infectious molecular clones (7,8,10,19,23). The dUTPase subunit, encoded by the pol gene, has been found to be dispensable for viral replication (12); however, dUTPase-negative strains produce less-severe lesions, restricted to the injection site (20). The tat gene of SRLV has been recently designated vpr-like, based on its primary protein structure and some functional similarities to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr protein (21). The CAEV tat (hereafter named vpr-like) gene increases the viral load, tissue distribution, and inflammatory lesion severity over that of the vpr deletion counterpart (9).In ...