16.9 km 2 is the main island (Lopes and Ulbrich, 2015), and the remaining area is distributed among 20 smaller islands, of which Rata Island is the largest with 0.8 km 2. The archipelago has suffered major ecological disturbances due to several human interventions. In 1737, fortifications were built, and the archipelago was transformed into a penal colony for almost 200 years. During this period, a large part of the native vegetation was devastated while exotic plants and animals were introduced to serve as food (Teixeira et al., 2003; Serafini et al., 2010). The human population in the archipelago increased significantly in 1942 through military occupation (i.e., World War II). Afterwards, significant changes were observed in the archipelago due to: • Several insecticide applications campaigns (i.e., DDT) for mosquito-control; • Wild animal introductions, such as the Teju lizard (Salvator merianae Duméril & Bibron) and the Mocó cavy (Kerodon rupestris Wied-Neuwied); • Release of birds seized in trade fairs and public markets of Recife (i.e., Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola (Linnaeus)), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)), and the White-bellied seedeater (Sporophila leucoptera (Vieillot));

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Rhynostelis Moure & Urban is a monotypic cleptoparasitic neotropical anthidiine genus currently known from two females. Herein, we describe and illustrate for the first time the male and its genitalia and it is confirmed that Rhynostelis parasitizes nests of Eufriesea. An identification key to the genera of cleptoparasitic anthidiine from the Neotropical region is also presented.

A new species of Michanthidium Urban (Hymenoptera, Megachilinae)is described and figured from Sergipe and Bahia States, northeastern Brazil. An identification key, illustrations, and a distribution map for the three species of the genus are presented. The male genitalia of Michanthidium almeidai sp. n. and Michanthidium albitarse are illustrated and compared for the first time.

The Anthidiini is a highly diverse tribe of bees with approximately 700 described species worldwide, of which about 350 occur in the Neotropical region. However, the phylogenetic relationships within the Neotropical lineage are poorly understood and the generic limits of these clades are still controversial, with different proposals of classification. Therefore, we carried out a phylogenetic study to investigate the monophyly of Neotropical taxa, to understand the relationships among Neotropical genera, and to propose a classification congruent with the evolution of the group. We performed parsimony-based morphological analyses using a matrix of 204 characters from adults of 83 species (79 terminal taxa of Anthidiini and four outgroup taxa). The results provide strong support for the monophyly of the tribe, despite a representation biased towards the Neotropical taxa. The monophyly of a large group containing only species from Neotropical genera is also supported. The latter group is divided into six main clades, one of them composed of only cleptoparasitic taxa (Austrostelis, Hoplostelis, Melostelis and Rhynostelis). The morphological characters assembled here allowed scrutiny of the genus-level classification of the Neotropical clade and may be useful for future phylogenetic studies involving the Anthidiini from other biogeographic regions.