Ubiquinone (UQ) is implicated in mitochondrial electron transport, superoxide generation and as a membrane antioxidant. Here we present a mouse model in which UQ biosynthesis can be interrupted and partially restored at will. Global loss of UQ leads to gradual loss of mitochondrial function, gradual development of disease phenotypes and shortened lifespan. However, we find that UQ does not act as antioxidant in vivo and that its requirement for electron transport is much lower than anticipated, even in vital mitochondria-rich organs. In fact, severely depressed mitochondrial function due to UQ depletion in the heart does not acutely impair organ function. In addition, we demonstrate that severe disease phenotypes and shortened lifespan are reversible upon partial restoration of UQ levels and mitochondrial function. This observation strongly suggests that the irreversible degenerative phenotypes that characterize ageing are not secondarily caused by the gradual mitochondrial dysfunction that is observed in aged animals.
Signal transduction through the surface molecule CD40 is critical for cellular activation in immunoinflammatory states such as sepsis. The mechanisms regulating this pathway are not completely understood. Because CD40 displays potentially regulatory cysteine residues and CD40 is probably exposed to NO in the inflammatory milieu, we hypothesized that S-nitrosylation, the interaction of NO with cysteines residues, acts as a post-translational modification on CD40, coregulating the signaling activity and, therefore, the level of cellular activation. As assessed by the biotin switch and the reduction/chemiluminescence S-nitrosylation detection techniques, CD40 was found to be S-nitrosylated endogenously and upon exposure to NO donors in both human and murine macrophages. S-nitrosylation of CD40 was associated with milder activation by its ligand (CD40L), leading to reduced in vitro cytokine (IL-1beta, IL-12, and TNF-alpha) production, which was reversed in the presence of inhibitors of NO synthesis. S-nitrosylated CD40 was found in resting RAW 246.7 macrophages and BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages, turning into the denitrosylated state upon in vitro or systemic exposure, respectively, to LPS. Moreover, monocytes from patients with sepsis displayed denitrosylated CD40 in contrast to the CD40 S-nitrosylation measured in healthy individuals. Finally, in an attempt to explain how S-nitrosylation regulates CD40 activation, we demonstrate that NO affects the redistribution of CD40 on the cell surface, which is a requirement for optimal signal transduction. Our results support a novel post-translational regulatory mechanism in which the CD40 signal may be, at least in part, dependent on cellular activation-induced receptor denitrosylation.
A solução hipertônica de cloreto de sódio 7,5% (SSH) é eficaz em restaurar os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e reduzir a inflamação em modelos experimentais de choque hemorrágico. Assim, foi nosso objetivo investigar a ação da SSH sobre os mecanismos envolvidos na lesão de isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) em um modelo de choque hemorrágico controlado. Ratos Wistar (280-350 g) foram submetidos à hemorragia controlada, mantendo-se a pressão arterial média em 40 mmHg por 1 h. Após esse período, os animais foram randomizados e receberam SSH (4 ml/kg) ou solução salina isotônica (SSI-34 ml/kg). Não foram observadas diferenças na resposta hemodinâmica nos dois grupos. Também não foram observadas diferenças na geração espécies reativas de oxigênio (medida indiretamente pela concentração de malondialdeído) ou das citocinas IL-6 e IL-10 (medidas por ELISA). A análise histológica qualitativa dos pulmões mostrou que os animais do grupo SSH apresentaram um menor influxo tecidual de neutrófilos. Esses animais também mostraram maior expressão de proteínas do choque térmico 70 (HSP70). Assim, concluímos que o tratamento do choque hemorrágico com SSH pode diminuir o processo inflamatório pulmonar e aumentar a proteção celular, devido ao aumento da expressão de HSP70.
Dedico este trabalho a minha mãe que, apesar de nossas diferenças terem sido o pivô de nossa relação durante muitos anos, foi ela quem esteve inteiramente ao meu lado quando eu mais precisei e foi com quem eu pude (e posso) contar em qualquer ocasião. 3 AGRADECIMENTOSAo meu orientador, Dr Heraldo Possolo de Souza por ter me dado a oportunidade de me aprofundar na minha carreira profissional e por fazer da nossa relação orientador-aluna muito agradável e enriquecedora. Agradeço também por se preocupar em quais serão os meus próximos passos tentando me ajudar a seguir o meu caminho.À Dra Eloísa Bonfá por ter apostado na idéia e ao Dr Eduardo Borba Neto pela a seleção dos pacientes lúpicos.
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