In a phenomenological study with 16 American and French Arab Muslim women attending college in the United States and France, all self-declared as religious and half of them wearing the hijab, participants express strong arguments against stereotypes of oppression and submission. They affirm agency and personal choice with respect to veiling, in a context of ambient skepticism that is often endorsed by Western feminism. Attention to intersectional experiences of Muslim women and reference to feminist models centered on non-Western women may help understand how second-generation Arab Muslim women experience and express agency.

Clinical supervision is a cornerstone of clinical training, and supervision experiences are associated with important outcomes (e.g., stronger working alliances and more trainee disclosures in supervision). Psychology has made strides in understanding how cultural processes unfold in supervision, with the multicultural orientation (MCO) model garnering increasing empirical support, but less is known about the dynamics that occur based on racial differences between supervisees and supervisors. Therefore, within cross-racial supervisory relationships, we examined the associations between cultural humility, cultural comfort, and supervisees’ satisfaction with supervision, disclosure in supervision, and the supervisory working alliance. Survey results from Black, Indigenous, and people of Color (BIPOC) trainees ( N = 116) receiving supervision from White supervisors indicated that supervisees who rated their supervisors high in cultural humility and cultural comfort also reported higher supervision satisfaction and a stronger supervisory working alliance. Perceptions of supervisors’ cultural humility, but not cultural comfort, were related to a higher willingness to disclose in supervision.

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There is an apparent contradiction between theories such as social identity and cultural studies that approach identity from a group standpoint, and feminist theory that is centered on women's individuality. Nevertheless, as young Muslim women in the United States face the challenge of integration, they negotiate their identity at the intersection of adjustment to western secular values, allegiance to their community, and desire to follow their own individual path. In doing so, they develop coexisting identities that allow them to articulate sense of belonging and individual choices within a fluid process that may evolve over time: rather than being antagonistic, group perspective and feminist focus complement each other in their description of young Muslim women's identity negotiation process.