El objetivo fue conocer el comportamiento de Hevea brasiliensis a partir del desempeño fotosintético en las regiones caucheras de Nordeste y Bajo Cauca de Antioquia (Colombia) como base para futuros estudios de desempeño clonal entre ambientes. Se cuantificó el intercambio de gases mediante un analizador infrarrojo de gases portátil; para las variables fotosintéticas se calculó un valor medio para los siete clones, a partir del cual se estimó el área bajo la curva. El máximo valor de fotosíntesis se alcanzó a las 8 horas en San Roque (10,97 µmol [CO2] m-2s-1) y 9 horas en Caucasia (7,84 µmol [CO2] m-2s-1). La transpiración máxima fue 3,55 mmol [H2O] m-2s-1 en el municipio de San Roque y 5,16 mmol [H2O] m-2s-1 en Caucasia, mientras que la conductancia estomática máxima fue 0,18 mol [CO2] m-2s-1 y 0,16 mol [CO2] m-2s-1 respectivamente para cada localidad. Las plantas de caucho en Caucasia presentaron mayor tasa de asimilación neta acumulada 271.934 µmol [CO2] m-2día-1, superando los 226.287 µmol [CO2] m-2día-1 en San Roque y, representado en una diferencia de 45.647,52 [CO2] µmol m-2día-1. La mayor acumulación de carbono con menor inversión de energía lumínica (697.638 µmol [CO2] µmol fotón-1día-1) se obtuvo en San Roque. Hevea brasiliensis presentó una mayor adaptación ambiental con respecto al intercambio gaseoso y el uso de la energía lumínica en San Roque.
The knowledge of the defoliation-refoliation process in rubber cultivation allows the development of management strategies in the production system to improve rubber yield. The objective of this study was to determine the intensity and duration of defoliation-refoliation of rubber clones FX 3864, IAN 710 and IAN 873 in the municipality of Tarazá and the FX 3864 and IAN 873 clones in the municipality of Nechí (northwestern Colombia). From October 2015 to June 2016, the measurements of the necromass were carried out in each location for each clone. The light environment was quantified, employing the hemispheric photographs technique to estimate canopy openness percentage (CO) and leaf area index. The assessed weeks were grouped by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the original phenology and climatic variables. The defoliation-refoliation process was analyzed descriptively using graphical representations of the trend for the phenological variables that best described this process. The relationship between climatic and phenological variables in the period evaluated was evidenced; the rainfall was the most critical climatic characteristic in the induction of the defoliation process. The leaf area index was reduced to a minimum value in February, with values of 0.52 for IAN 710 clone in Tarazá, and 0.64 for the IAN 873 clone in Nechí, which corresponded to the highest defoliation stage in both locations. The refoliation period was short (4 to 6 weeks) and occurred during the dry season for all the clones in both places.
The aim of this study was to determine the behavior of the rubber plant Hevea brasiliensis regarding its photosynthetic performance in the rubber producer regions in Nordeste and Bajo Cauca, in the department of Antioquia, Colombia, as a baseline for future clonal performance studies among environments. Gas exchange was recorded using a portable infrared gas analyzer, and for the photosynthetic parameters for seven genotypes (clones) a medium value was calculated and was later used to estimate the area under the curve. The maximum photosynthetic value was reached at 8:00 hours in San Roque (10.97 µmol [CO2] m-2s-1) and at 9:00 hours in Caucasia (7.84 µmol [CO2] m-2s-1). Maximum transpiration was 3.55 mmol [H2O] m-2s-1 in San Roque and 5.16 mmol [H2O] m-2s-1 in Caucasia, while the maximum stomatal conductance was 0.18 mol [CO2] m-2s-1 and 0.16 mol [CO2] m-2s-1 in San Roque and Caucasia, respectively. The rubber plants in Caucasia had a higher accumulated net assimilation rate (271,934 µmol [CO2] m-2day-1) than what was found in San Roque (226,287 µmol [CO2] m-2day-1), showing a difference of 45.647,52 µmol [CO2] m-2day-1. The highest carbon accumulation with the lowest light energy investment (697,638 µmol [CO2] µmol [photon]-1day1) was found in San Roque. Therefore, regarding gas exchange and the use of light energy Hevea brasiliensis showed greater environmental adaptation in San Roque.
especie y su relación con las condiciones ambientales donde se desarrolla, las cuales pueden ser modificadas por los componentes que integran un sistema agroforestal. Con el objetivo de comparar las variables de intercambio gaseoso en los clones de cacao (Theobroma cacao) TCS01, TCS06, TCS13, TCS19 y CCN51 plantados en un sistema agroforestal con árboles de abarco (Cariniana pyriformis Miers), se evaluó la fotosíntesis neta (A), la conductancia estomática (gs) y la transpiración (E) en una hoja de cacao joven completamente desarrollada en seis plantas de cada uno de los clones, cada hora entre las 08:00 y 17:00 horas (n = 5000) por cinco días. Con los datos de intercambio gaseoso se estimaron las áreas bajo la curva (ABC) para cada variable con base en la sumatoria de las áreas trapezoidales fraccionadas. Los datos de las ABC fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y los tratamientos comparados por la prueba de medias Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). El clon TCS06 presentó la mayor fotosíntesis neta acumulada con un valor de 137.000 μmol CO2 m-2 día-1, superando a los clones TCS19 y TCS01. Se registraron valores máximos de A = 6.6 μmol CO2 m2 s-1 (TCS06), gs = 0.12 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1 (CCN51) y E = 4.52 mmol H2O m-2 s-1 (CCN51). Los clones TC606 y TCS01 sobresalieron con respecto a TCS13, TCS19 y CCN51. El clon TCS06 presentó la mayor tasa fotosintética en función de la integral diaria del intercambio gaseoso en comparación con TCS19 y TCS13. El CCN51 fue el clon que requirió los mayores valores de radiación fotosintéticamente activa para lograr la máxima actividad fotosintética.
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