A precipitação é uma das variáveis meteorológicas mais importantes para os estudos climáticos das diversas regiões do Brasil. O conhecimento prévio do comportamento temporal e espacial da precipitação possibilita melhor planejamento das atividades agrícolas, reduzindo perdas e melhorando as condições de produção. Este trabalho teve como finalidade estimar as datas de início e fim da estação chuvosa no Estado do Paraná, que delimitam o período em que ocorre a safra de verão. Os dados analisados referem-se a 117 estações pluviométricas, bem distribuídas espacialmente, pertencentes ao Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (Iapar) e Superintendência de Desenvolvimento de Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento (Suderhsa). Para determinação do início da estação chuvosa o critério estabelece que deva chover pelo menos 20 mm em 2 dias consecutivos, a partir de 1° de julho e, em um período subseqüente de 30 dias não deverá ocorrer mais de 10 dias consecutivos sem precipitação. Para o término da estação chuvosa foi estabelecida a primeira data após o dia 1° de março, a partir da qual não houve chuva por um período subseqüente de 10 dias. O início da estação chuvosa se estabeleceu entre o primeiro decêndio de agosto no litoral e ocorreu progressivamente mais tarde nas demais regiões, iniciando-se no norte do estado no primeiro decêndio de outubro. Já o fim da estação chuvosa ocorreu entre o segundo decêndio de março no norte e o primeiro decêndio de maio nas áreas localizadas no sul. Os resultados obtidos mostram a característica de transição climática do Paraná, onde se verifica maior diferenciação entre estação seca e chuvosa no norte e oeste, enquanto que no sul as chuvas são mais uniformemente distribuídas e se prolongam ao longo do ano.
The results of the histopathological analyses after the implantation of highly crystalline PVA microspheres in subcutaneous tissues of Wistar rats are here in reported. Three different groups of PVA microparticles were systematically studied: highly crystalline, amorphous, and commercial ones. In addition to these experiments, complementary analyses of architectural complexity were performed using fractal dimension (FD), and Shannon's entropy (SE) concepts. The highly crystalline microspheres induced inflammatory reactions similar to the ones observed for the commercial ones, while the inflammatory reactions caused by the amorphous ones were less intense. Statistical analyses of the subcutaneous tissues of Wistar rats implanted with the highly crystalline microspheres resulted in FD and SE values significantly higher than the statistical parameters observed for the amorphous ones. The FD and SE parameters obtained for the subcutaneous tissues of Wistar rats implanted with crystalline and commercial microparticles were statistically similar. Briefly, the results indicated that the new highly crystalline microspheres had biocompatible behavior comparable to the commercial ones. In addition, statistical tools such as FD and SE analyses when combined with histopathological analyses can be useful tools to investigate the architectural complexity tissues caused by complex inflammatory reactions.
Aim
Seascape genomic studies aim to understand how environmental variables shape species diversity through genotype–environment associations. Identifying these effects on lecithotrophic larval species that live in intertidal zones is particularly challenging because they are subject to environmental heterogeneity and anthropogenic events. Here, we evaluate how biotic and abiotic features in the Southwest Atlantic littoral zone can affect a high dispersal species' present and historical demography.
Location
Brazilian coast, covering more than 3000 km.
Taxon
Perinereis ponteni.
Methods
We investigated population genetic diversity, connectivity and past dynamics using 23,300 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated using genotyping by sequencing. We tested whether environmental abiotic variables could explain the variance found in genotype frequencies using isolation‐by‐environment (IBE) and landscape association approaches. These data, combined with palaeodistribution simulations and oceanic circulation modelling, were used to infer species demographic history and connectivity patterns.
Results
Along with high levels of connectivity detected, we found a genetic boundary in the southeastern region of Brazil around Cabo Frio (Rio de Janeiro), and a cline trend for some loci. The palaeodistribution simulations reveal a spatial refuge in the southeast during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 kya), with the expansion of the northern region. We identified 1421 SNPs with frequencies associated with eight environmental variables, most of which were related to temperature—the main environmental factor determining IBE.
Main Conclusions
Perinereis ponteni, a polychaete with high gene flow capability responds to biogeographic barriers, highlighting the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in shaping population connectivity. Furthermore, the effect of temperature indicates that future climate change and ocean warming can hugely impact this species.
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