BackgroundHTLV-1 is a retrovirus that causes lymphoproliferative disorders and inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system in humans. The prevalence of this infection is high in parts of Brazil and there is a general lack of public health care programs. As a consequence, official data on the transmission routes of this virus are scarce.ObjectiveTo demonstrate familial aggregation of HTLV infections in the metropolitan region of Belém, Pará, Brazil.MethodA cross-sectional study involving 85 HTLV carriers treated at an outpatient clinic and other family members. The subjects were tested by ELISA and molecular methods between February 2007 and December 2010.ResultsThe prevalence of HTLV was 43.5% (37/85) for families and 25.6% (58/227) for the family members tested (95% CI: 1.33 to 3.79, P = 0.0033). Sexual and vertical transmission was likely in 38.3% (23/60) and 20.4% (29/142) of pairs, respectively (95% CI: 1.25 to 4.69, P = 0.0130). Positivity was 51.3% (20/39) and 14.3% (3/21) in wives and husbands, respectively (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.63, P = 0.0057). By age group, seropositivity was 8.0% (7/88) in subjects <30 years of age and 36.7% (51/139) in those of over 30 years (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.34, P<0.0001). Positivity was 24.1% (7/29) in the children of patients infected with HTLV-2, as against only 5.8% (4/69) of those infected with HTLV-1 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.72, P = 0.0143).ConclusionThe results of this study indicate the existence of familial aggregations of HTLV characterized by a higher prevalence of infection among wives and subjects older than 30 years. Horizontal transmission between spouses was more frequent than vertical transmission. The higher rate of infection in children of HTLV-2 carriers suggests an increase in the prevalence of this virus type in the metropolitan region of Belém.
The Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1) is a Deltaretrovírus that was first isolated in the 1970s, and associated with Adult T-cell Leucemia-Lymphoma (ATLL), and subsequently to Tropical Spastic Paraparesis-Myelopathy (TSP/HAM). The genetic diversity of the virus varies among geographic regions, although its mutation rate is very low (approximately 1% per thousand years) in comparison with other viruses. The present study determined the genetic diversity of HTLV-1 in the metropolitan region of Belém, in northern Brazil. Blood samples were obtained from patients at the UFPA Tropical Medicine Nucleus between January 2010 and December 2013. The DNA was extracted and the PX region of the HTLV was amplified using nested PCR. The positive samples were then digested using the Taq1 enzyme for the identification and differentiation of the HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. The 5’LTR region of the positive HTLV-1 samples were amplified by nested PCR, and then sequenced genetically. The phylogenetic analysis of the samples was based on the maximum likelihood method and the evolutionary profile was analyzed by the Bayesian approach. Overall, 78 samples tested positive for HTLV-1, and 44 were analyzed here. The aA (cosmopolitan-transcontinental) subtype was recorded in all the samples. The following evolutionary rates were recorded for the different subtypes–a: 2.10−3, b: 2.69. 10−2, c: 6.23. 10−2, d: 3.08. 10−2, e: 6. 10−2, f: 1.78. 10−3, g: 2.2. 10−2 mutations per site per year. The positive HTLV-1 samples tested in the present study were characterized by their low genetic diversity and high degree of stability.
O Pará está entre os estados brasileiros com as mais elevadas taxas de prevalências da infecção pelo vírus T-linfotrópico humano (HTLV) nas populações onde este vírus já foi investigado. A infecção por HTLV geralmente apresenta prevalência mais elevada em mulheres com mais de 40 anos e com relacionamento estável. Além disso, as mulheres são mais susceptíveis à aquisição do vírus por via sexual do que os homens. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo detectar o genoma do provírus de HTLV em secreção cérvico-vaginal, com posterior confirmação em amostras de sangue, visando assim, propor uma nova metodologia de rastreamento desta infecção. Foram investigadas 400 mulheres de novembro de 2015 a dezembro de 2019, em Belém, Pará, Brasil. A coleta de secreção cérvico-vaginal se deu durante a realização do exame de Papanicolaou, e a de sangue periférico, durante contato posterior. O DNA das amostras foi extraído e realizada a análise molecular por Nested-PCR, seguida de digestão enzimática por Taq I, para pesquisa da infecção pelos tipos HTLV-1 e HTLV-2. Cinco (1,25%) das 400 mulheres tiveram resultado positivo para HTLV em secreção, sendo três para HTLV-1 e duas para HTLV-2. Por dificuldade de contato, só foi possível a confirmação da infecção no sangue em uma destas cinco mulheres. Nossos achados sugerem ser possível utilizar amostras de secreção cérvico-vaginal como mais uma forma de rastreamento da infecção por HTLV em mulheres.
Objetivos: Analisar os níveis da carga proviral (CPV) em portadores de HTLV-1 com diferentes condições de comprometimento neurológico. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, realizado de março a outubro de 2017, com 43 pacientes com HTLV-1, divididos em três grupos por ordem decrescente de envolvimento neurológico, segundo proposta atualizada dos critérios de diagnóstico clínico para HAM/TSP: Definidos para HAM/TSP (Grupo 1, n=7); Prováveis/Possíveis para HAM/TSP (Grupo 2, n=9); Sem HAM/TSP (Grupo 3, n=27). O teste ANOVA (um critério) foi utilizado para verificar a diferença entre as médias de CPV dos grupos (p-valor≤0,05). Resultados: Os grupos apresentaram os seguintes valores médios de CPV: G1=9.00±11.18; G2=1.88±3.92; G3=2.81±4.03 cópias/106 PBMC. Na comparação intergrupo, da diferença entre as médias de CPV, foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos 1 e 2 e entre os grupos 1 e 3 (p<0,05); não foi observada uma média significativamente maior de CPV nos grupos de infectados pelo HTLV-1 com comprometimento neurológico, frente aos infectados sem comprometimento neurológico (p=0,7063). Conclusão: A CPV em portadores de HTLV-1 parece auxiliar a avaliação clínica do comprometimento neurológico na classificação dos casos clássicos de HAM/TSP, mas não se mostra um indicador importante de condições clínicas iniciais da HAM/TSP.
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