Objectives: There is a bidirectional relationship between cardiovascular and renal disease. The drug-class of SGLT2 inhibitors improves outcomes at both ends of this so called cardiorenal axis. We assessed the effects of SGLT2 inhibition and sulfonylurea treatment on systemic hemodynamic function and investigated whether SGLT2 inhibitor-induced changes in systemic hemodynamics correlate with changes in renal hemodynamics.Methods: Forty-four people with type 2 diabetes were randomized to 12 weeks of dapagliflozin 10 mg/day or gliclazide 30 mg/day treatment. Systemic hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system activity, and vascular stiffness were measured noninvasively, whereas renal hemodynamics, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow, were assessed with goldstandard urinary clearances of inulin or iohexol and paraaminohippuric acid, respectively. Correlation analyses were performed to assess relationships between dapagliflozininduced changes in cardiovascular and renal variables.Results: Dapagliflozin reduced stroke volume by 4%, cardiac output by 5%, vascular stiffness by 11%, and mean arterial pressure by 5% from baseline, without increasing heart rate or sympathetic activity, while simultaneously lowering glomerular filtration rate by 8%. Despite similar improvements in glycemic control by dapagliflozin and gliclazide (À0.5 AE 0.5 versusÀ0.7 AE 0.5%; P ¼ 0.12), gliclazide did not affect any of these measurements. There was no clear association between the dapagliflozin-induced changes in cardiovascular and renal physiology. Conclusion:Dapagliflozin seemingly influences systemic and renal hemodynamics independently and beyond glucose lowering in people with type 2 diabetes. This clinical trial was registered at https://clinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT02682563).

Objective: Inducible myocardial ischemia is influenced by contributions of both the epicardial artery and the coronary microcirculation. Experimental studies have found adverse microcirculatory remodeling to occur downstream of severe coronary stenoses. Coronary physiology studies in patients contradict the experimental findings, as the minimal microvascular resistance is not modified by stenoses. The objective was to determine whether microcirculatory remodeling occurs downstream of coronary stenoses in the human coronary circulation. Approach and Results: Myocardium corresponding to 115 coronary arteries of 55 deceased patients was investigated. Histopathologic staining of the microcirculation was performed using antibodies against SMA-α (smooth muscle actin-α) and CD31, to stain arterioles and capillaries, respectively. The following parameters were analyzed: ratio between lumen and vesel area, ratio between lumen and vessel diameter (both ratios for arterioles of <40, 40–100, and 100–200 µm diameter), arteriolar density, and capillary density. From the 55 patients, 32 pairs of an unobstructed coronary artery and a coronary artery with a stenosis were formed. No statistically significant differences between any of the microcirculatory parameters were found. A confirmatory unpaired analysis compared 3 groups: (1) coronary arteries in patients without coronary artery disease (n=53), (2) unobstructed coronary arteries in patients with a stenosis in one of the other coronary arteries (n=23), and (3) coronary stenoses (n=39). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups. Conclusions: The microcirculation distal to noncritical stenoses does not undergo structural remodeling in the human coronary circulation.

Impaired insulin sensitivity is associated with hyperfiltration (i.e., elevated glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) in adolescents with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and adults with prediabetes. Yet, these relationships are based on studies that relied on estimated GFR (eGFR), estimates of insulin sensitivity, or both. We aimed to verify the relationship between insulin sensitivity and renal hemodynamic function by gold standard methods in adults with T2D. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSInsulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (M value) (glucose infusion rate in mg/kg lean /min) and renal hemodynamic function by urinary inulin (GFR) and para-aminohippuric acid (effective renal plasma flow [ERPF]) clearances in participants with T2D without overt kidney disease. Filtration fraction (FF) (GFR/ERPF) was calculated. Relationships between insulin sensitivity and renal hemodynamic parameters were examined by multivariable linear regression. Renal hemodynamic parameters were examined across tertiles of M values. RESULTSWe tested 44 adults with T2D, of whom 77% were male, with mean 6 SD age 63 6 7 years, BMI 31.2 6 4.0 kg/m 2 , and HbA 1c 7.4 6 0.6%. Average GFR was 110 6 26 mL/min, with an FF of 22.1 6 2.8% and median 24-h urinary albumin excretion of 11.3 mg (interquartile range 5.8-17.0). Average M value was 5.6 6 2.9 mg/kg lean / min. Insulin sensitivity inversely correlated with GFR (r 5 20.44, P < 0.01) and FF (r 5 20.40, P < 0.01), and these associations remained significant after multivariable adjustments for age, sex, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor use, and HbA 1c . In addition, GFR, FF, and urinary albumin excretion were highest in the participants in the lowest M value tertile. CONCLUSIONSFor the first time, we demonstrate that impaired insulin sensitivity is associated with intrarenal hemodynamic dysfunction by gold standard techniques in adults with T2D treated with metformin monotherapy.