Greenhouse gas emission, fast depletion of fossil fuels, the oil crisis and the increased cost of petroleum products are the major factors that need a shift from internal combustion engines to Electric Vehicles. The commercial deployment of EVs requires a large charging infrastructure to charge and discharge the EVs. Vehicle to Grid is a new emerging technology which came into existence because a large number of EVs can be used as load as well as an energy storage system to support the grid. However, the uncoordinated EV charging shows the crucial impact on the power system. Thus, optimum coordination of the V2G system needed. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive state of art research of V2G system. The presented paper describes the methodology adopted for power flow under V2G scheme. Further, it explains the key barriers for adoption of V2G at a commercial level. Moreover, the state of art comparison is given for V2G, vehicle to home (V2H) and vehicle to vehicle (V2V). Later, the various optimization techniques have explained how they support the optimal energy management system under a coordinated V2G system.

Microfluidic devices can be used to execute a variety of continuous flow analytical and synthetic chemistry protocols with a great degree of precision. The growing availability of additive manufacturing has enabled the design of microfluidic devices with new functionality and complexity. However, these devices are prone to larger manufacturing variation than is typical of those made with micromachining or soft lithography. In this report, we demonstrate a design-for-manufacturing workflow that addresses performance variation at the microfluidic element and circuit level, in context of mass-manufacturing and additive manufacturing. Our approach relies on discrete microfluidic elements that are characterized by their terminal hydraulic resistance and associated tolerance. Network analysis is employed to construct simple analytical design rules for model microfluidic circuits. Monte Carlo analysis is employed at both the individual element and circuit level to establish expected performance metrics for several specific circuit configurations. A protocol based on osmometry is used to experimentally probe mixing behavior in circuits in order to validate these approaches. The overall workflow is applied to two application circuits with immediate use at on the bench-top: series and parallel mixing circuits that are modularly programmable, virtually predictable, highly precise, and operable by hand.

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