Communication in society had developed within cultural and geographical boundaries prior to the invention of digital technology. The latest advancements in communication technology have significantly surpassed the conventional constraints for communication with regards to time and location. These new platforms have ushered in a new age of user-generated content, online chats, social network and comprehensive data on individual behavior. However, the abuse of communication software such as social media websites, online communities, and chats has resulted in a new kind of online hostility and aggressive actions. Due to widespread use of the social networking platforms and technological gadgets, conventional bullying has migrated from physical form to online, where it is termed as Cyberbullying. However, recently the digital technologies as machine learning and deep learning have been showing their efficiency in identifying linguistic patterns used by cyberbullies and cyberbullying detection problem. In this research paper, we aimed to evaluate shallow machine learning and deep learning methods in cyberbullying detection problem. We deployed three deep and six shallow learning algorithms for cyberbullying detection problems. The results show that bidirectional long-short-term memory is the most efficient method for cyberbullying detection, in terms of accuracy and recall.

Automatic identification of cyberbullying is a problem that is gaining traction, especially in the Machine Learning areas. Not only is it complicated, but it has also become a pressing necessity, considering how social media has become an integral part of adolescents' lives and how serious the impacts of cyberbullying and online harassment can be, particularly among teenagers. This paper contains a systematic literature review of modern strategies, machine learning methods, and technical means for detecting cyberbullying and the aggressive command of an individual in the information space of the Internet. We undertake an in-depth review of 13 papers from four scientific databases. The article provides an overview of scientific literature to analyze the problem of cyberbullying detection from the point of view of machine learning and natural language processing. In this review, we consider a cyberbullying detection framework on social media platforms, which includes data collection, data processing, feature selection, feature extraction, and the application of machine learning to classify whether texts contain cyberbullying or not. This article seeks to guide future research on this topic toward a more consistent perspective with the phenomenon's description and depiction, allowing future solutions to be more practical and effective.

In this paper, we explore the challenging domain of detecting online extremism in user-generated content on social media platforms, leveraging the power of Machine Learning (ML). We employ six distinct ML and present a comparative analysis of their performance. Recognizing the diverse and complex nature of social media content, we probe how ML can discern extremist sentiments hidden in the vast sea of digital communication. Our study is unique, situated at the intersection of linguistics, computer science, and sociology, shedding light on how coded language and intricate networks of online communication contribute to the propagation of extremist ideologies. The goal is twofold: not only to perfect detection strategies, but also to increase our understanding of how extremism proliferates in digital spaces. We argue that equipping machine learning algorithms with the ability to analyze online content with high accuracy is crucial in the ongoing fight against digital extremism. In conclusion, our findings offer a new perspective on online extremism detection and contribute to the broader discourse on the responsible use of ML in society.